Table 1 Training pathways leading to board certification in cardiothoracic surgery in United States
From: Comparison of cardiothoracic surgery training in usa and germany
Pathway | Total length of training* | Components | Duration of each component | Board certification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Classical | 7-8 years | General surgery residency | 5 years | General surgery (optional) |
| Â | Â | Thoracic surgery fellowship | 2-3 years | Thoracic surgery |
Fast-track (4+3) | 7 years | General surgery residency | 4 years | General surgery (optional) |
| Â | Â | Thoracic surgery fellowship | 3 years | Thoracic surgery |
Integrated | 6 years | Integrated cardiothoracic surgery residency | 6 years | Thoracic surgery |
Vascular + Thoracic | 7-8 years | Integrated vascular surgery residency | 5 years | Vascular surgery |
| Â | Â | Thoracic surgery fellowship | 2-3 years | Thoracic surgery |