Table 1 Results of univariate analysis to determine factors associated with smoking status
Current smokers | Ex-smokers <6 weeks | Ex-smokers ≥6 weeks | Never smokers | p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 111) | (n = 55) | (n = 245) | (n = 51) | |||
Mean (95%CI) age (years) | 67 (65–68.3)f | 68 (65.6–9.9)e,f | 70 (68.8–70.8)e | 72 (67.2–72.8)e,f | 0.006a | |
Median (IQR) BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (6.3)f | 24 (7.5)e | 26.9 (5.4)e,f | 26 (6.4)e,f | <0.001b | |
Mean (95%CI) FEV1% predicted | 72 (68.6–75.7)g | 78 (73.5–81.8)f,g | 79 (76.6–81.8)e,f | 94 (87.4–100.5)e | <0.001a | |
COPD | 50.4% (n = 56)g | 20.0% (n = 11)f,g | 26.9% (n = 66)e,f | 5.9% (n = 3)e | <0.001c | |
COPD Severity (FEV1% predicted) | Mild (≥80) | 18.9% (n = 21) | 3.6% (n = 2) | 6.5% (n = 16) | 2% (n = 1) | 0.358d |
Moderate (≥50 to <80) | 23.4% (n = 26) | 16.4% (n = 9) | 15.5% (n = 38) | 3.9% (n = 2) | ||
Severe (≥30 to <50) | 8.1% (n = 9) | 0% | 4.5% (n = 11) | 0% | ||
Male sex | 63.9% (n = 71)f | 60.0% (n = 33)e,f | 63.2% (n = 155)f | 35.2% (n = 18)e | 0.002c | |
Ischaemic heart disease | 14.4% (n = 16) | 18.1% (n = 10) | 15.1% (n = 37) | 7.8% (n = 4) | 0.476c | |
Diabetes | 12.6% (n = 14) | 5.5% (n = 3) | 13.1% (n = 32) | 11.7% (n = 6) | 0.503d | |
Hypertension | 42.3% (n = 47) | 41.8% (n = 23) | 45.3% (n = 111) | 52.9% (n = 27) | 0.604c | |
ASA score ≥3 | 58.5% (n = 65) | 52.7% (n = 29) | 49.8% (n = 122) | 41.2% (n = 21) | 0.195c | |
Preoperative activity level <400 m | 29.4% (n = 32/109) | 25% (n = 13/52) | 29.7% (n = 71/239) | 21.6% (n = 11/51) | 0.634c | |
Staging | I | 54.1% (n = 60) | 47.3% (n = 26) | 48.2% (n = 118) | 49.0% (n = 25) | 0.36 d |
II | 29.7% (n = 33) | 32.7% (n = 18) | 34.7% (n = 85) | 21.6% (n = 11) | ||
IIIA | 14.4% (n = 16) | 18.2% (n = 10) | 15.9% (n = 39 | 21.6% (n = 11) | ||
IIIB | 0.90% (n = 1) | 0% | 0.41% (n = 1) | 3.9% (n = 2) | ||
VATS | No | 91.9% (n = 102) | 85.5% (n = 47) | 92.7% (n = 227) | 92.2% (n = 47) | 0.396d |
Yes | 8.1% (n = 9) | 14.5% (n = 8) | 7.3% (n = 18) | 7.8% (n = 4) | ||
Surgery | Lobectomy | 81.1% (n = 90) | 78.2% (n = 43) | 77.6% (n = 190) | 74.5% (n = 38) | 0.592d |
Subsegmectomy/wedge | 10.8% (n = 12) | 9.1% (n = 5) | 14.3% (n = 35) | 17.6% (n = 9) | ||
Pneumonectomy | 5.4% (n = 6) | 10.9% (n = 6) | 6.5% (n = 16) | 7.8% (n = 4) | ||
Sleeve | 1.8% (n = 2) | 0% | 1.6% (n = 4) | 0% | ||
Chest wall | 0.9% (n = 1) | 1.8% (n = 1) | 0% | 0% | ||
Analgesia | Epidural | 40.5% (n = 45) | 29.0% (n = 16) | 37.1% (n = 91) | 43.1% (n = 22) | 0.217d |
Intrathecal morphine | 23.4% (n = 26) | 36.4% (n = 20) | 21.6% (n = 53) | 21.6% (n = 11) | ||
Morphine infusion | 11.7% (n = 13) | 10.9% (n = 6) | 8.6% (n = 21) | 5.9% (n = 3) | ||
PCA | 5.4% (n = 6) | 7.3% (n = 4) | 5.3% (n = 13) | 5.9% (n = 3) | ||
Paravertebral | 18.9% (n = 21) | 12.7% (n = 7) | 26.5% (n = 65) | 23.5% (n = 12) | ||
Other | 0% | 3.6% (n = 2) | 0.8% (n = 2) | 0% | ||