Figure 1

The protocol used for determining physiological response. The vertical dashed lines indicate the infusion of the shed blood surrogate, and the infusion of epinephrine and Ringer's lactate. A denotes the Area Under the Curve (AUC) as a measure of decline in blood pressure over time. B denotes the AUC indicating blood pressure increase. C denotes the increase in blood pressure after the period of increased blood pressure and flow induced with epinephrine and Ringer's lactate.