Table 1 Different heart conditions and general characteristics (listed in decreasing order of occurrence)
From: Potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes in CABG cardiothoracic surgeries
Condition | Length of operation | Mean age | Gender differences | Mortality rate | Treatment | Prevalence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) | Usually >60 [3] | Majority occurs in males [4] | 1.53 deaths per 1000 admissions [5] | Vein or artery used to create detour around blocked area in artery | About 427,000 operations performed each year [6] | |
0.14% | ||||||
Balloon angioplasty (Aortic coarctation) | 30 minutes – 3 hours [7] | Congenital [2] | About 2:1 ratio, men to women [2] | 1 in 1000 procedures [8] | Balloon placed inside aorta, then expanded [3] | Nearly one million performed per year in the US [9] (.003%) |
Aortic Regurgitation | 2-5 hours [2] | Prevalence increases with age, but severe AR is uncommon before 70 [10] | 13% of men versus 8.5% of women [10] | <10% per year, once symptomatic [11] | Replacement of aortic valve [12] | Less than 1% of the general population [13] |
Death from any cause, once symptomatic: 4.7% | ||||||
Death from aortic valve surgery: 14.6% [11] | ||||||
Aortic Stenosis | 2-5 hours [2] | Can develop around 30 but mostly in patients 65 or older [14] | 3 times more common in men than women [14] | Asymptomatic: <1% per year | Replacement of aortic valve [12] | Less than 200,000 people in US population [14]: .064% |
Symptomatic: 25% 1 year from onset of symptoms and 50% at 2 years[14] | ||||||
Atrial Septal Defect | 2-3 hours [12] | Congenital [15] | 3 times more common in women than in men [16] | Surgical repair in the first 2 decades of life is associated with a mortality rate near zero. [13] | Surgical closure of shunt | 1.6 per 1000 live births [16] . 4,131,019 births in the US in 2009; [17, 18] |
Female-to-male ratio: 2–1 [12] | About .05% of births in the US. | |||||
Tetralogy of Fallot | 2-3 hours [19] | Congenital [20] | Unrelated [20] | <10% with surgery; without surgery, death usually occurs by age 20. [11] | Widen pulmonary tract and repair VSD | 5 out of every 10,000 babies [21] = .05% of all babies |
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | Congenital; evidence of genetic inheritance [22] | 67% males[22] | Lethal without surgery. Stage 1 survival: 68-77%. [23] | Parts of left side of heart do not develop fully | .16-.36 per 1000 live births [22] | |
(3 surgeries in total) | .026% of all live births | |||||
Heart Transplant | Anywhere from 4–12 hours, depending on the person [24] | 48+/−11.8 years [25] | Survival rate at 12 months: 88% for men, 77.2% for women [24] | Heart is replaced by donor heart | 2163 performed in 2008 [24] | |
0.00% | ||||||
Aortic Graft (Aortic coarctation) | Congenital [29]. Usually performed on older patients, for whom surgery poses significant risk [26–28] | Greater in men than women [30] | Aorta replaced with synthetic aorta or patient’s artery | 37, 102 procedures from 1986 to 2004 [31] | ||
About 1952 per year; 6.26e-4% | ||||||
Anastomosis | Less than 30 minutes [31] | Congenital [2] | Mortality rate highest in neonates <1 week. Mortality rate during, or within one month, of surgery was 24% (50/208) and late mortality rate was 10% (21/208). [32] | Free ends of aorta are reconnected | 83 patients between 1999 and 2000 [31] | |
2.7e-5% of the general US population |