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Table 2 Various inflammatory biomarkers (Gene) and brief descriptions

From: Potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes in CABG cardiothoracic surgeries

Gene biomarker

Description

Increased/Decreased/Remained constant after surgery

S-TnT

Part of the troponin complex

Increased to 1.26 μg/L1 day after surgery; decreased to .52 μg/L 4 days after surgery [33]

NSE

Enzyme; levels increase after brain damage

Rises to 20.2 ng/mL postoperatively but returns to normal levels 48 h postop [44]

HSP 70

Helps with protein folding and transport

Increased to about 2000 pg/mL during surgery but decreased to 0 by 19 hrs postop [45]

TLRs

Signaling receptors for HSPs

Decreased during operation but increased postop [45]

TNF-α

Quantity correlated to the quantity of HSP70

Increased in both MUF and non-MUF groups during surgery; normalized 24 h postop [40]

IL-1ra

Inflammatory cytokine

Clear rise in both MUF and non-MUF groups. Reached peak 6 hrs postop in both groups but returned to baseline levels 12 hrs postop in MUF group, while staying at a higher level in the non-MUF group [40]

IL-8

Neutrophil chemotactic and activating factor

Levels did not change much in group with SIRS but increased to about 46 pg/mL in the group with MODS and continued to decrease after [46]

IL-18

Induce chemokines. Involved in inflammatory response following extracorporeal circulation

Remained constant in group with SIRS but increased to 300 pg/mL 1 day postop and remained about that level in group with MODS [46]

IL-1β

Biologically inactive precursor molecule

In the MUF group, IL-1β rose to max levels post-op. Fell significantly post-op and remained at these levels. IL-1β levels remained constant [40]

IL-6

Quantity correlated to the quantity of HSP70

Levels rose after surgery to about 100 pg/mL and remained through days 1 and 2 after surgery [47]