From: Potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes in CABG cardiothoracic surgeries
Serum biomarker | Description | Increased/Decreased/Remained constant after surgery |
---|---|---|
S-CKMB | Rise in amount in blood indicates that muscle damage has occurred | Increased to 40 μg/L1 day after surgery; decreased to 3 μg/L 4 days after surgery [33] |
CD11b/CD18 | Adhesion protein | No significant difference between SNP/non-SNP patients[32]; Expression of CD11b increased in group with heparin coating [37] |
HLA-DR | Major histocompatibility complex | Significantly lower morning after operation [37] |
CD62L | L-selectin | Increased during surgery but normalized the morning after [37] |
Monocytes | Activation triggers production of cytokines | Decreased to 448 × 106 cells/L during surgery; increased to 1889 × 106 cells/L the next morning [37] |
C3a desArg | Mediates inflammatory reactions | Increased in noncoated group during surgery; levels decreased the morning after surgery [37] |
Granulocytes | A type of white blood cells categorized by the presence of granules | Reduction of circulating granulocytes noted in both groups after surgery; increased the morning after [37] |
ATIII | Inactivates thrombin | Levels fell significantly in groups with and without MUF filtration. Reached baseline values 12Â h postop.[40] |
F1 + 2 | Prothrombin fragment | Rose significantly in both MUF and non-MUF groups. Fell to baseline values 6 h postop. [40] |
CXC /CC-chemokine receptors | Act mainly on neutrophils and lymphocytes | Postoperative expression of CXCR2 but not CXCR1 was significantly lower in patients with cyanotic vs. noncyanotic heart lesions [56, 57] |
GCP-1 | Granulocyte chemotactic protein | Levels remained unchanged during study period [56] |
ENA-78 | Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide | Decreased from 908Â pg/mL to 729Â pg/mL during surgery and remained at low levels 3Â h after surgery (376Â pg/mL) [56] |
MPO | Marker of primary neutrophil granules | Increased from 11.3Â ng/mL before surgery to 45.4Â ng/mL during surgery and remained at that level 3Â hrs after surgery [56] |
PCT | Hormone produced by the thyroid | Increased to 17Â ng/mL 1Â day postop and decreased throughout the next 3Â days [46] |
Pre-albumin | Anti-acute phase protein synthesized in liver | Significantly lower during operation in cold priming group; levels were almost normalized 24Â hrs after surgery [35] |
HSCRP | Highly sensitive C-reactive protein | Levels rose 30 fold by 24Â hrs post-op in cold priming group and 18 fold by 24Â hrs post-op in the warm priming group [35] |
α-1 antitrypsin | Protease inhibitor: inhibits enzymes that bind peptides together | Decreased by half during surgery then increased 24 hrs postop in cold priming group; decreased by half during surgery in the warm priming group also, but increased 3 fold 24 hrs postop [35] |