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Table 3 Various inflammatory biomarkers (Serum) and brief descriptions

From: Potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes in CABG cardiothoracic surgeries

Serum biomarker

Description

Increased/Decreased/Remained constant after surgery

S-CKMB

Rise in amount in blood indicates that muscle damage has occurred

Increased to 40 μg/L1 day after surgery; decreased to 3 μg/L 4 days after surgery [33]

CD11b/CD18

Adhesion protein

No significant difference between SNP/non-SNP patients[32]; Expression of CD11b increased in group with heparin coating [37]

HLA-DR

Major histocompatibility complex

Significantly lower morning after operation [37]

CD62L

L-selectin

Increased during surgery but normalized the morning after [37]

Monocytes

Activation triggers production of cytokines

Decreased to 448 × 106 cells/L during surgery; increased to 1889 × 106 cells/L the next morning [37]

C3a desArg

Mediates inflammatory reactions

Increased in noncoated group during surgery; levels decreased the morning after surgery [37]

Granulocytes

A type of white blood cells categorized by the presence of granules

Reduction of circulating granulocytes noted in both groups after surgery; increased the morning after [37]

ATIII

Inactivates thrombin

Levels fell significantly in groups with and without MUF filtration. Reached baseline values 12 h postop.[40]

F1 + 2

Prothrombin fragment

Rose significantly in both MUF and non-MUF groups. Fell to baseline values 6 h postop. [40]

CXC /CC-chemokine receptors

Act mainly on neutrophils and lymphocytes

Postoperative expression of CXCR2 but not CXCR1 was significantly lower in patients with cyanotic vs. noncyanotic heart lesions [56, 57]

GCP-1

Granulocyte chemotactic protein

Levels remained unchanged during study period [56]

ENA-78

Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide

Decreased from 908 pg/mL to 729 pg/mL during surgery and remained at low levels 3 h after surgery (376 pg/mL) [56]

MPO

Marker of primary neutrophil granules

Increased from 11.3 ng/mL before surgery to 45.4 ng/mL during surgery and remained at that level 3 hrs after surgery [56]

PCT

Hormone produced by the thyroid

Increased to 17 ng/mL 1 day postop and decreased throughout the next 3 days [46]

Pre-albumin

Anti-acute phase protein synthesized in liver

Significantly lower during operation in cold priming group; levels were almost normalized 24 hrs after surgery [35]

HSCRP

Highly sensitive C-reactive protein

Levels rose 30 fold by 24 hrs post-op in cold priming group and 18 fold by 24 hrs post-op in the warm priming group [35]

α-1 antitrypsin

Protease inhibitor: inhibits enzymes that bind peptides together

Decreased by half during surgery then increased 24 hrs postop in cold priming group; decreased by half during surgery in the warm priming group also, but increased 3 fold 24 hrs postop [35]