Table 1 Patient baseline characteristics
Patients | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
Antegrade cardioplegia | Cross-clamp fibrillation | Antegrade retrograde cardioplegia | |
(n = 28) | (n = 16) | (n = 10) | |
Age | 67 ± 8 | 62 ± 10 | 69 ± 9 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â |
Male | 23 (82%) | 12 (75%) | 8 (80%) |
Female | 5 (18%) | 4 (25%) | 2 (20%) |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | Â |
Caucasian | 21 (75%) | 13 (81%) | 9 (90%) |
Afro-Caribbean | 1 (4%) | 1 (6%) | 1 (10%) |
Asian | 5 (18%) | 2 (13%) | 0 (0%) |
Chinese | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
BMI | 27.6 ± 4.9 | 30.4 ± 5.0 | 27.8 ± 4.5 |
SBP (mmHg) | 131.3 ± 20.8 | 128.3 ± 16.9 | 128.9 ± 21.2 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70.3 ± 7.4 | 73.4 ± 10.6 | 69.1 ± 11.6 |
HR (bpm) | 66.8 ± 11.1 | 68.6 ± 10.5 | 65.7 ± 13.9 |
Smoking history | Â | Â | Â |
Smoker | 4 (14%) | 4 (25%) | 1 (10%) |
Non-smoker | 6 (21%) | 4 (25%) | 4 (40%) |
Ex-smoker | 18 (64%) | 8 (50%) | 5 (50%) |
Family history of IHD | 22 (79%) | 13 (81%) | 4 (40%) |
NYHA class | Â | Â | Â |
0 | 2 (7%) | 3 (21%) | 2 (22%) |
I | 8 (29%) | 5 (34%) | 4 (44%) |
II | 17 (61%) | 5 (34%) | 2 (22%) |
III | 1 (4%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (11%) |
IV | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
CCS Class | Â | Â | Â |
0 | 5 (18%) | 2 (14%) | 3 (33%) |
I | 4 (14%) | 5 (36%) | 0 (0%) |
II | 16 (57%) | 6 (43%) | 4 (44%) |
III | 2 (7%) | 1 (7%) | 1 (11%) |
IV | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) |
LVEF | Â | Â | Â |
>50% | 19 (68%) | 12 (75%) | 7 (70%) |
30%-50% | 8 (29%) | 3 (19%) | 3 (30%) |
<30% | 1 (4%) | 1 (6%) | 0 (0%) |
Co-morbidities | Â | Â | Â |
Diabetes mellitus | 11 (39%) | 6 (38%) | 0 (0%) |
Hypertension | 25 (89%) | 13 (81%) | 7 (70%) |
Hypercholesterolemia | 25 (89%) | 15 (94%) | 8 (80%) |
Atrial fibrillation | 3 (11%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (20%) |
Previous MI | 13 (47%) | 3 (19%) | 6 (60%) |
Previous PCI | 8 (29%) | 1 (6%) | 0 (0%) |
Previous CVA/TIA | 3 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (30%) |
Previous cardiac surgery | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Peripheral arterial disease | 3 (11%) | 1 (6%) | 2 (20%) |
Drug history | Â | Â | Â |
Aspirin | 3 (11%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
Clopidogrel/Prasugrel | 2 (7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Warfarin | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Beta-blocker | 22 (79%) | 11 (79%) | 8 (80%) |
Calcium channel blocker | 12 (43%) | 3 (21%) | 4 (40% |
Statin | 26 (93%) | 13 (93%) | 10 (100%) |
ACE-I/ARB | 20 (71%) | 8 (57%) | 6 (60%) |
Long acting nitrates | 7 (25%) | 2 (14%) | 3 (30%) |
Antidiabetics | Â | Â | Â |
Insulin | 4 (14%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
Biguanide | 2 (7%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) |
Sulphonylurea | 5 (18%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
Diuretics | 7 (25%) | 4 (29%) | 2 (20% ) |
Indication for surgery | Â | Â | Â |
Angina | 23 (82%) | 13 (81%) | 7 (70%) |
Myocardial infarction | 5 (18%) | 3 (19%) | 3 (30%) |
EuroSCORE | 3.2 ± 1.9 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 3.8 ± 1.8 |
Additive perioperative risk | Â | Â | Â |
Low (EuroSCORE 0-2) | 13 (46%) | 8 (50%) | 1 (10%) |
Medium (EuroSCORE 3-5) | 12 (43%) | 7 (44%) | 7 (70%) |
High (EuroSCORE >5) | 3 (11%) | 1 (6%) | 2 (20%) |
Bypass-time (min) | 93.9 ± 34.6 | 77.2 ± 22.0 | 80.3 ± 12.8 |
Cross-clamp time (min) | 62.2 ± 24.4 | 33.0 ± 7.5 | 63.7 ± 13.4 |
Number of grafts | Â | Â | Â |
One | 1 (4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Two | 9 (32%) | 3 (19%) | 1 (10.0%) |
Three | 10 (36%) | 10 (63%) | 8 (80.0%) |
Four | 8 (29%) | 3 (19%) | 1 (10.0%) |
Anesthetic agents | Â | Â | Â |
Induction | Â | Â | Â |
Anti-nicotinic agents | Â | Â | Â |
Rocuronium | 24 (86%) | 12 (92%) | 6 (60%) |
Pancuronium | 3 (11%) | 1 (7%) | 2 (22%) |
Vecuronium | 1 (4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (11%) |
Midazolam | 12 (43%) | 7 (54%) | 6 (67%) |
Etomidate | 1 (4%) | 2 (14%) | 2 (22%) |
Fentanyl | 28 (100%) | 14 (100%) | 9 (100%) |
Propofol | 27 (96%) | 12 (86%) | 7 (78%) |
Maintenance | Â | Â | Â |
Propofol | 28 (100%) | 14 (100%) | 9 (100%) |
Volatile anesthetics | Â | Â | Â |
Isoflurane | 25 (89%) | 13 (93%) | 9 (100.%) |
Sevoflurane | 3 (11%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Intra-operative GTN | 24 (89%) | 14 (86%) | 8 (89%) |