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Table 1 Patient characteristics and analysis of continuous (mean and ranges) and categorical variables (%)

From: Neurological complications after cardiac surgery: a retrospective case-control study of risk factors and outcome

Variable

Study group (n = 91)

Matched patients (n = 113)

P value

Preoperative characteristics

Age (years)

65.4 (25–68)

65.4 (29–84)

0.99

Gender (M)

60 (65%)

73 (64%)

0.13

Height (cm)

163 (147–184)

163 (143–192)

0.64

Weight (kg)

72.31 (48.8–114)

74 (44.2–135.5)

0.39

BMI

27.07 (17.5–41.7)

27.5 (16–43.06)

0.52

BSA

1.8 (1.43–2.32)

1.82 (1.35–2.58)

0.35

Diabetes

32 (35%)

31 (27%)

0.36

Hypertension

66 (72%)

85 (75%)

0.64

Dyslipidemia

34 (37%)

45 (40%)

0.66

Chronic Renal Failure

10 (11%)

12 (10%)

1

Smoking

  

0.94

 Nonsmoker

49 (54%)

55 (49%)

 

 Current smoker

15 (16%)

25 (22%)

 

 Former smoker

27 (30%)

33 (29%)

 

Family history of stroke

19 (21%)

29 (26%)

0.52

Bilateral ICA stenosis < 50%

52 (57%)

9 (8%)

<.001

Bilateral ICA stenosis of any grade

63 (69%)

17 (15%)

<.001

Surgical Procedure

CABG

25/91 (27%)

29/113 (26%)

0.77

Valve operations

14/91 (15%)

26/113 (23%)

0.17

Aortic valve repair/replacement

5

12

 

 Mitral valve repair/replacement

9

14

 

 Complex procedures

16/91 (18%)

28/113 (24%)

0.21

CABG + Aortic surgery

4

7

 

 Combined aortic, mitral and tricuspid valve

4

9

 

 Heart transplantation

3

7

 

 LVAD

3

3

 

 Left ventricular aneurysmectomy

1

1

 

 Repair of post-infarction VSD

1

1

 

 Aortic procedures

24/91 (27%)

25/113 (22%)

0.48

Ascending aorta surgery

5

7

 

 Aortic arch surgery

2

5

 

 Combined procedure

10

7

 

 Aortic root surgery

3

3

 

 Valve operation + Aortic procedure

3

1

 

 CABG + Aortic procedure

1

2

 

 Re-do Operation

12/91 (13%)

5/113 (5%)

0.02

Surgical Details

CBP time (minutes)

111.11 (0–257)

99.12 (0–257)

0.10

Aortic clamp time (minutes)

77.67 (0–216)

71.47 (0–197)

0.28

Hypothermic circulatory arrest

25 (27%)

17 (15%)

0.02

On-pump CABG with beating heart

7 (7%)

3 (3%)

0.10

Off-pump CABG

4 (4%)

6 (5%)

0.2

Number of distal anastomoses (from 1 to 5)

40 (44%)

44 (39%)

0.3

Intraoperative hemofiltration

3 (3%)

2 (2%)

0.07

Complicated weaning from CPB

12 (13%)

5 (4%)

0.02

Cardioplegia delivery

 Anterograde

70 (77%)

86 (76%)

0.12

 None

11 (12%)

9 (8%)

 Anterograde+selective

7 (8%)

12 (11%)

Anterograde+ retrograde

3 (3%)

6 (5%)

Cardioplegia carrier

 Crystalloid

8 (10%)

3 (3%)

0.02

 Blood

72 (90%)

110 (97%)

Cardiac rhythm at sternal closure

 Sinus

37 (41%)

61 (54%)

0.04

 Non sinus (AF, AVB, PM)

54 (59%)

52 (46%)

 Defibrillation required at weaning

23 (25%)

23 (20%)

0.31

 Surgery time (minutes)

152.24 (21–368)

132.08 (35–660)

0.07

Intra-aortic balloon pump

9 (10%)

9 (8%)

0.62

Post-operative data

Severe hypotension

20 (22%)

25 (22%)

0.86

Need for vasoactive drugs

55 (60%)

54 (48%)

0.03

Transfusion of red blood cells (units)

2 (2–15)

1.6 (0–22)

0.26

Transfusion of plasma (units)

1.75 (0–18)

1.34 (0–27)

0.32

Transfusion of platelets (units)

3.1 (0–22)

2.34 (0–20)

0.21

  1. BMI body mass index, BSA body surface area, ICA internal carotid artery, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, LVAD left ventricle assist device, VSD ventricular septal defect, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, AF atrial fibrillation, AVB atrio-ventricular block, PM pacemaker