Table 4 Preoperative (A), intraoperative and postoperative (B) variables of subgroups of patients with different albumin levels 24 h after cardiac surgery

A

Normal Levels (≥35 g ·L⁻¹)

n = 162

5.8%

Low deficit

(30–34.9 g ·L^− 1)

n = 924

32.8%

Mild deficit

(25–29.9 g ·L^− 1)

n = 1249

44.3%

Severe deficit (< 25 g ·L^− 1)

n = 483

17.1%

ANOVA

P value

Sex (male)

75% (122)

68% (634)

61% (765)

57% (278)

0.001

Age (years)

57 ± 14.1

63 ± 11.6

65.5 ± 11.2

67.7 ± 10

< 0.001

Albumin before surgery (g ·L-1)

41 ± 2.5

41 ± 2.8

39 ± 2.9

39 ± 2.2

0.78

Subjective Global Assessment (class B)

6.1% (10)

5.9% (55)

58.8% (73)

5.1% (25)

0.89

Hypertension

53.0% (86)

60.4% (558)

63.4% (792)

68.7% (332)

0.001

Dyslipidemia

42.0% (68)

47.6% (440)

53.1% (663)

52.2% (252)

0.009

Diabetes Mellitus

19.1% (31)

24.3% (225)

26.1% (327)

27.1% (131)

0.06

BMI (kg·m⁻²)

27.6 ± 4.6

28.3 ± 4.2

27.9 ± 4.2

27.4 ± 4.3

0.90

Peripheral vascular disease

3.7% (6)

6.8% (63)

10.2% (127)

11% (53)

0.001

Chronic renal insufficiency

2.5% (4)

2.9% (27)

5.2% (65)

10.4% (50)

< 0.001

Renal Failure (on Dialysis)

0.6% (1)

0.4% (4)

0.7% (9)

1.9% (9)

0.04

Creatinine before surgery (μmol·l⁻¹)

86 ± 36

88 ± 34

96 ± 61

110 ± 84

0.001

Previous Stroke

2.5% (4)

5.4% (50)

5.4% (68)

7.5% (36)

0.99

COPD

8% (13)

11.8% (109)

12.4% (155)

12.4% (60)

0.43

Active smokers

19.1% (31)

15.9% (147)

14.9% (187)

14.9% (72)

0.42

Previous Atrial Fibrillation

25.9% (42)

24% (222)

23% (288)

24.6% (119)

0.59

Previous Myocardial Infarction

14.2% (23)

14.7% (136)

16% (200)

16.1% (78)

0.79

Recent Myocardial Infarction

4.9% (8)

7.7% (71)

11.8% (148)

17.2% (83)

0.001

On B-Blockers

34.6% (56)

41.2% (381)

41.6% (520)

43.1% (208)

0.82

On statins

30.2% (49)

40.3% (372)

43.3% (541)

41% (198)

0.01

On Aspirin

28.4% (46)

42.2% (390)

47.6% (594)

46.2% (223)

0.001

On diuretics

47.5% (77)

45.1% (417)

48.7% (608)

49.3% (238)

0.33

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

27.1% (44)

31.6% (292)

32.9% (412)

27.3% (132)

0.11

Dilated cardiomyopathy

27.1% (44)

23% (213)

19.3% (242)

16.1% (78)

0.02

LVEF (%)

60 (48–72)

61 (47–75)

60 (41–79)

60 (43–77)

0.34

PAP (mmHg)

48 (37–59)

32 (21–43)

37 (21–53)

35 (18–52)

0.26

Hemoglobin before surgery (g·dL⁻¹)

13.5 ± 1.5

13.3 ± 1.6

12.9 ± 1.7

12.4 ± 1.8

0.001

Platelet count before surgery (1·nL^− 1)

203 ± 49

213 ± 67

215 ± 68

224 ± 75

0.002

Past Cardiac surgery

12.3% (20)

9.4% (87)

9.1% (114)

9.3% (45)

0.62

Emergent Surgery

0.6% (1)

0.9% (8)

4.6% (58)

15.7% (76)

< 0.001

EuroSCORE

5.2 ± 3.2

5.7 ± 2.8

6.2 ± 1.9

7.3 ± 3.2

0.14

Parsonnet score

11.0 ± 6.2

11.1 ± 5.2

12.8 ± 3.7

13.4 ± 2.8

0.25

Mean Pre-ICU stay (days)

1.1 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.4

1.0 ± 0.3

1.9 ± 2.1

0.02

B

Normal Levels

(≥35 g ·L⁻¹)

n = 162

5.8%

Low deficit

(30–34.9 g ·L^− 1)

n = 924

32.8%

Mild deficit (25–29.9 g ·L^− 1)

n = 1249

44.3%

Severe deficit (< 25 g ·L^− 1)

n = 483

17.1%

ANOVA

P value

 Isolated CABG

20.4% (33)

32.3% (298)

32.5% (406)

35.2% (170)

0.001

 Isolated valve surgery

64.2% (104)

56.5% (522)

50% (624)

42.7% (206)

0.001

 CABG + valve surgery

3.1% (5)

4.9% (45)

8.6% (107)

7.7% (37)

0.001

 Other cardiac surgery

12.3% (20)

6.4% (59)

9% (112)

14.5% (70)

0.001

 Number of bypass

2 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

2 (2–3)

2 (2–4)

0.85

 CPB time (min)

95 ± 39

105 ± 35

114 ± 41

127 ± 47

< 0.001

 ACC time (min)

65 ± 30

69 ± 27

75 ± 29

81 ± 32

< 0.001

 APACHE II

12.2 ± 2.2

11.9 ± 3.1

12.5 ± 5.8

12.9 ± 4.3

0.15

 APACHE III

53.1 ± 17.9

49.2 ± 11.5

68.1 ± 20.6

75.9 ± 26.8

< 0.001

 SAPS II

24 ± 8.6

22.3 ± 8.2

25.8 ± 12.4

28.2 ± 14.6

0.01

 SAPS III

39.5 ± 8.4

38.2 ± 8.5

43.2 ± 10.5

45.3 ± 12.6

< 0.001

 Ventilation time (hours)

6 (4–8)

19.5 (11.5–30.5)

18 (0–72)

21 (0–242)

< 0.001

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio on admission

323 ± 91

330 ± 95

336 ± 96

319 ± 110

0.21

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio 12 h after admission

338 ± 87

319 ± 83

310 ± 90

290 ± 95

< 0.001

 PaO2/FiO2 ratio 24 h after admission

328 ± 72

318 ± 67

306 ± 76

284 ± 89

< 0.001

 Reintubation

0

0.5% (5)

1.6% (20)

1.2% (6)

0.10

 Tracheostomy

0.6% (1)

0.6% (6)

1.1% (14)

2.8% (14)

0.09

 AL peak after surgery (mmol·l⁻¹)

3.5 ± 1.3

3.7 ± 1.7

3.7 ± 1.7

4.2 ± 2.3

0.001

 Need of vasoactive drugs (hours)

67 ± 92

75 ± 112

101 ± 139

152 ± 173

< 0.001

 LCOS

17.3% (28)

28.3% (262)

44.9% (562)

65.8% (318)

< 0.001

 PMI

8% (13)

9.1% (84)

11.8% (147)

17.2% (83)

< 0.001

 IABP support

0.6% (1)

4.3% (40)

7.4% (93)

18.2% (88)

0.001

 Atrial Fibrillation

33.3% (54)

34.4% (318)

40.3% (503)

49.5% (239)

0.001

 Acute Renal Failure

3.1% (5)

4.4% (41)

9.7% (121)

21.7% (105)

< 0.001

 Need for RRT

0

0.4% (4)

1.8% (22)

6.6% (32)

< 0.001

 Haemorrhage-related reexploration

0

1.3% (12)

4.2% (52)

6.8% (33)

0.001

 Pericardial tamponade

0

0.2% (2)

0.9% (11)

1.2% (6)

0.07

 Drainage loss first 12 h (ml)

307 ± 163

355 ± 255

399 ± 298

472 ± 369

0.33

 Re-exploration

1.2% (2)

0.5% (5)

1.8% (23)

3.2% (17)

0.07

 Need for blood products first 24 h (Units)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–6)

1 (0–3)

1 (0–4)

0.08

 Stroke

0.6% (1)

1% (9)

1.8% (22)

1.4% (7)

0.38

 Septicaemia

2.4% (4)

3.1% (29)

6.4% (81)

14.9% (72)

< 0.001

 Mean ICU stay (hours)

158 ± 213

190 ± 270

274 ± 315

327 ± 377

0.001

 Mean hospital stay (days)

18 ± 11

21 ± 14

26 ± 21

33 ± 30

0.001

 In-hospital mortality

1.9% (3)

2.7% (25)

5% (63)

14.1% (68)

< 0.001