Table 3 Characteristics of preterm neonates of the early ligation and late ligation groups
Variables | Early ligation (n = 49) | Late ligation (n = 85) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Maternal characteristics | |||
Maternal age, years | 33.22 ± 5.16 | 32.21 ± 3.71 | 0.205 |
Mother’s education level | 0.835 | ||
High, n (%) | 3 (6.1) | 6 (7.1) | |
Intermediate, n (%) | 31 (63.3) | 57 (67.1) | |
Low, n (%) | 15 (30.6) | 22 (25.9) | |
GDM | 2 (4.1) | 8 (9.4) | 0.325 |
PIH | 5 (10.2) | 4 (4.7) | 0.287 |
PPROM | 15 (30.6) | 41 (48.2) | 0.068 |
Histologic chorioamnionitis | 42 (85.7) | 62 (72.9) | 0.131 |
Neonate characteristics | |||
Gestational age, weeks | 26.67 ± 2.52 | 26.04 ± 2.11 | 0.123 |
Birth weight, grams | 878.78 ± 216.77 | 883.94 ± 233.34 | 0.899 |
Length | 33.10 ± 3.05 | 34.03 ± 5.27 | 0.259 |
Head circumference | 24.48 ± 2.30 | 24.68 ± 3.49 | 0.719 |
Cesarean section | 41 (83.7) | 57 (67.1) | 0.044 |
Male sex | 24 (49) | 41 (48.2) | > 0.999 |
Apgar score at 1 min | 2.08 ± 1.27 | 2.11 ± 1.33 | 0.918 |
Apgar score at 5 min | 4.76 ± 1.58 | 4.48 ± 1.72 | 0.367 |
Antenatal corticosteroids | 34 (69.4) | 58 (68.2) | > 0.999 |
Postnatal corticosteroids | 17 (34.7) | 40 (47.1) | 0.205 |
Age at PDA closure, days | 8.18 ± 2.14 | 19.44 ± 8.82 | < 0.001 |
Body weight at surgical ligation | 847.96 ± 201.73 | 948.71 ± 297.58 | 0.037 |
IVH | 18 (36.7) | 32 (37.6) | > 0.999 |
IVH grade II | 4 (8.2) | 4 (4.7) | 0.240 |
IVH grade ≥ III | 4 (8.2) | 17 (20.2) | 0.086 |
PVL | 3 (6.1) | 7 (8.2) | 0.746 |
Culture-proven sepsis | 24 (49) | 59 (69.4) | 0.026 |
NEC | 18 (36.7) | 24 (28.2) | 0.337 |
NEC stage ≥ III | 2 (4.1) | 15 (17.6) | 0.030 |
BPD | 25 (52.1) | 49 (57.6) | 0.588 |
ROP | 32 (66.7) | 48 (56.5) | 0.273 |
Pneumothorax before ligation | 2 (4.1) | 2 (2.4) | 0.623 |
Pulmonary hemorrhage before ligation | 3 (6.1) | 8 (9.4) | 0.746 |
GI hemorrhage before ligation | 1 (2.0) | 7 (8.2) | 0.257 |
Hypotension before ligation | 11 (22.4) | 21 (24.7) | 0.836 |
Hypotension after ligation | 2 (4.1) | 3 (3.5) | > 0.999 |
Days on mechanical ventilator | 26.38 ± 15.31 | 33.02 ± 19.95 | 0.048 |
Days of oxygen therapy | 59.88 ± 33.88 | 74.51 ± 56.89 | 0.107 |
TPN days | 40.73 ± 21.45 | 47.41 ± 28.36 | 0.156 |
Hospital days | 94.53 ± 38.86 | 95.88 ± 41.52 | 0.853 |
PDA size | 2.06 ± 0.67 | 2.16 ± 0.92 | 0.481 |
PDA ductal diameter > 2.0 mm | 25 (51.0) | 45 (52.9) | 0.859 |
Deaths | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | > 0.999 |