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Table 1 Characteristics of the Overall Cohort

From: Risk factors analysis of acute kidney injury following open thoracic aortic surgery in the patients with or without acute aortic syndrome: a retrospective study

 

No AKI

AKI

P1 Value*

P2 Value#

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

Patient population (n)

169

153

49

28

  

Demographic data

 Age (y)

52.0 (18.0)

54.0 (16.5)

50.0 (13.0)

41.5 (17.5)

0.9

0.004

 Sex, male (n)

112 (66.3%)

116 (75.8%)

34 (69.4%)

21 (75.0%)

0.08

0.3

 Height (cm)

170.0 (13.0)

170.0 (8.5)

170.0 (14.0)

169.0 (10.0)

0.7

1.0

 Weight (kg)

70.0 (16.0)

72.0 (18.0)

74.0 (24.0)

75.0 (20.0)

0.002

0.02

 BMI (kg/m2)

24.6 (5.1)

25.7 (5.8)

25.2 (4.9)

27.4 (5.8)

0.003

0.009

Medical history

 Diabetes (n)

4 (2.4%)

4 (2.6%)

3 (6.1%)

1 (3.6%)

0.5

0.6

 Hypertension (n)

74 (43.8%)

85 (55.6%)

34 (69.4%)

23 (82.1%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (n)

4 (2.4%)

6 (3.9%)

1 (2.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.7

0.6

 Previous myocardial infarction (n)

1 (0.6%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0.2

0.7

 Peripheral vascular disease (n)

13 (7.7%)

11 (7.2%)

5 (10.2%)

1 (3.6%)

0.9

0.8

 Smoking (n)

57 (33.7%)

59 (38.6%)

19 (38.8%)

12 (42.9%)

0.3

0.7

Preoperative laboratory tests

 Platelet (109/L)

197.0 (71.0)

186.5 (71.8)

199.0 (65.5)

166.5 (68.3)

0.006

0.01

 Lymphocyte (109/L)

1.63 (0.74)

1.58 (0.90)

1.18 (0.72)

1.48 (0.90)

0.004

0.001

 Monocyte (109/L)

0.44 (0.30)

0.51 (0.40)

0.79 (0.78)

0.91 (0.70)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Neutrophil (109/L)

4.22 (2.95)

4.86 (4.30)

7.51 (5.64)

10.1 (5.3)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia (n)

55 (34.4%)

44 (31.0%)

7 (14.9%)

10 (43.5%)

0.2

0.04

 Retinol binding protein (mg/L)

35.7 (16.2)

37.8 (18.7)

26.4 (24.7)

37.3 (22.5)

0.7

0.007

Urinary protein

 +/−

17 (11.6%)

25 (18.8%)

10 (23.8%)

4 (20.0%)

0.05

0.2

 +

14 (9.5%)

20 (15.0%)

11 (26.2%)

8 (40.0%)

0.01

0.005

 ++

1 (0.7%)

2 (1.5%)

2 (4.8%)

1 (5.0%)

0.2

0.3

 INR

1.04 (0.12)

1.04 (0.1)

1.09 (0.15)

1.10 (0.2)

0.05

0.02

Preoperative renal function

 Preoperative SCr (μmol/L)

70.4 (21.79)

73.6 (23.1)

66.0 (26.3)

76.0 (45.7)

0.3

0.07

  > 106 (n)

11 (6.5%)

13 (8.5%)

4 (8.2%)

8 (28.6%)

0.1

0.002

 eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2)

99.8 (22.0)

97.2 (21.2)

103.4 (18.2)

94.4 (39.5)

0.2

0.08

Preoperative cardiovascular status

 Marfan syndrome (n)

14 (8.3%)

3 (2.0%)

1 (2.0%)

1 (3.6%)

0.005

0.04

 Aortic dissection (n)

56 (33.1%)

71 (46.4%)

36 (73.5%)

24 (85.7%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Stanford type-A aortic dissection (n)

53 (31.4%)

71 (46.4%)

34 (69.4%)

24 (85.7%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Intraoperative blood product use

 Erythrocytes (u)

2.0 (2.0)

4.0 (3.9)

4.0 (6.0)

4.0 (4.5)

0.001

< 0.001

 Fresh frozen plasma (ml)

400.0 (200.0)

400.0 (150.0)

400.0 (375.0)

600.0 (500.0)

0.06

0.002

 Platelets (u)

1.0 (0.0)

1.0 (1.0)

1.0 (1.0)

2.0 (1.0)

0.002

< 0.001

Surgical details

 Involving the aortic arch (n)

79 (46.7%)

97 (63.4%)

38 (77.6%)

26 (92.9%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Involving the descending aorta (n)

43 (25.4%)

60 (39.2%)

33 (67.3%)

24 (85.7%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 CPB duration(min)

133.0 (75.5)

165.0 (79.0)

201.0 (67.5)

220.0 (52.0)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 DHCA or MHCA (n)

58 (34.3%)

76 (49.7%)

34 (69.4%)

25 (89.3%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Aortic cross-clamp time (min)

86.0 (27.0)

90.0 (31.0)

96.0 (32.0)

113.0 (32.0)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Operation time (h)

6.0 (2.0)

7.0 (2.0)

8.5 (2.0)

9.0 (2.5)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Combined surgery

 Valvular surgery (n)

94 (55.6%)

67 (43.8%)

10 (20.4%)

3 (10.7%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Outcomes

 Renal replacement therapy (n)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

0 (0.0%)

12 (42.9%)

0.003

< 0.001

 Length of ICU stay (day)

3.0 (2.0)

4.0 (2.5)

5.0 (4.0)

10.5 (11.0)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  > 7 d (n)

19 (11.2%)

20 (13.1%)

17 (34.7%)

23 (82.1%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Intubation time (h)

15.0 (9.0)

17.0 (27.5)

38.0 (72.5)

136.0 (110.3)

< 0.001

< 0.001

  > 5 d (n)

4 (2.4%)

5 (3.3%)

6 (12.2%)

17 (60.7%)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Stroke (n)

0 (0.0%)

4 (2.6%)

0 (0.0%)

2 (7.1%)

0.04

0.01

 Redo surgery (n)

4 (2.4%)

6 (3.9%)

6 (12.2%)

6 (21.4%)

0.02

< 0.001

 In-hospital mortality (n)

2 (1.2%)

1 (0.7%)

1 (2.1%)

8 (28.6%)

0.07

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, INR International Normalized Ratio, SCr Serum Creatinine, eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, CPB Cardiopulmonary Bypass, DHCA Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest, MHCA Median Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest
  2. NOTE. The categorical variables in the table are presented by the number of cases (with percentage) and the continuous variables are expressed by the median (with interquartile range) or mean (with standard deviation).
  3. *P1 Value: Compare the patients without AKI and all patients with AKI. P1 values* were the results of unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test for continuous variables, and χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables.
  4. #P2 Value: Compare patients within four groups (without AKI and patients with stage 1, 2 and 3 AKI). P2 values# were the results of one-way analysis of variance or KruskalWallis test for continuous variables, and χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables