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Table 3 Outcomes of c-TTE before and after procedure

From: Patent foramen ovale closure by using transesophageal echocardiography for cryptogenic stroke: single center experience in 132 consecutive patients

classification of shunt size

Preoperative

3 months

6 months

12 months

no shunt

0 (0%)

91 (68.9%)

111 (84.1%)

122 (92.4%)

small

0 (0%)

23 (17.4%)

11 (8.3%)

6 (4.5%)

moderate

25 (18.9%)

10 (7.6%)

6 (4.5%)

3 (2.3%)

large

107 (81.1%)

6 (6.1%)

4 (3.0%)

1 (0.8%)

  1. c-TTE Contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography, the presence of 0, 1–10, 11–30, and > 30 microbubbles were classified as no shunt and small, moderate, and large shunts, respectively.