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Table 1 Study characteristics

From: Lidocaine for postoperative pain after cardiac surgery: a systematic review

Author

Study design

Participants

Intervention vs. control

Timeline

Primary outcome

Secondary outcome

Follow-up period

Drop outs

Risk of bias

Insler, 2009 [23]

Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial

n = 100; MS for CABG; mean age 63 years; 72% male

IV lidocaine infusion (n = 44) vs. placebo substitute (n = 45)

Anesthesia induction until either ICU dismissal or PO hour 48

VAS pain score at PO hours 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 96

ICU hemodynamics; MI; extubation time; sedation score; PO fentanyl, midazolam, propranolol doses; ICU and hospital length of stay

ICU dismissal or PO hour 48

11

Some concerns

Kang, 2014 [24]

Randomized placebo-controlled trial

n = 45; MS for CABG, mean age 68 years; 67% male

Topical lidocaine 2% gel on chest tubes (n = 22) vs. normal saline placebo (n = 23)

Single application with intraoperative insertion of chest tubes

VAS pain scores at extubation and POD 1, 2, 3, 7

Cumulative PCA fentanyl PCA; number of PCA button pushes; chest tube worse site of pain

POD 7

3

Low

Mashaqi, 2018 [25]

Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial

n = 40; MS for CABG; age and sex not reported

Intrapleural 12 mL 2% lidocaine (n = 20) vs. 12 mL 0.9% saline solution placebo (n = 20)

Single injection on POD 1 and 2; administered via left-sided double-lumen chest tube

NRS pain scores on POD 1 and POD 2

FEV1 before and after injections on POD 1 and POD 2

POD 2

0

High

  1. CABG coronary artery bypass graft, MS median sternotomy, IV intravenous, ICU intensive care unit, MI myocardial infarction, POD postoperative day, PO postoperative, VAS visual analog scale, NRS numerical analog scale, PCA patient controlled analgesia, FEV1 forced expiratory volume at one second