Fig. 1

On the left: scheme of the circuit including 3D-printed model of the aorta and its main branches. It includes four lines: brain circuit (orange), non-brain circuit (purple), venous drainage (dark grey) and bubble elimination circuit (yellow). Insertion points for the three cannulation sites are shown as colored circles. In this scheme, aortic cannulation is shown. Location of injection site and BCC200 probes during ECC Bubbles generation and Heart Bubbles generation are shown in pink and in cyan, respectively. For each measurement, only one injection site and one cannulation site were used at a time. On the right: positioning of the 20Fr cannula during aortic cannulation (red), axillary cannulation (green), femoral cannulation (blue)