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Table 2 Mean values and corresponding standard deviation for all measurements of bubble counts (bubbles/μL) and bubble volumes, expressed as percentages for readability (μL/μL*100). Values are shown for total injected bubbles, brain branch and non-brain region (arms + legs), and are normalized by the total injected volumes of bubbles. During ECC Bubbles injection, information on non-brain counts was not available, meanwhile during Heart Bubbles injection, total injected counts were not recorded. The same is valid for volumes values, but missing information was calculated due to conservation of mass

From: Effect of cannulation site on emboli travel during cardiac surgery

BUBBLE COUNT [bubbles/μL]

Injection Site

ECC Bubbles

Heart Bubbles

Bubbles Size

S

M

L

SUM

S

M

L

SUM

Aortic Cannulation

 Injected

0.38 ± 0.31

0.54 ± 0.47

0.23 ± 0.11

1.15

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

 Brain

0.12 ± 0.07

0.16 ± 0.09

0.1 ± 0.07

0.38

0.41 ± 0.25

0.43 ± 0.17

0.16 ± 0.02

1

 Non-Brain

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.83 ± 0.58

0.63 ± 0.13

0.24 ± 0.03

1.7

Axillary Cannulation

 Injected

0.27 ± 0.08

0.42 ± 0.17

0.23 ± 0.08

0.92

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

 Brain

0.15 ± 0.06

0.23 ± 0.09

0.06 ± 0.02

0.39

0.2 ± 0.24

0.23 ± 0.27

0.05 ± 0.03

0.48

 Non-Brain

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

0.63 ± 0.69

0.43 ± 0.39

0.13 ± 0.03

1.19

Femoral Cannulation

 Injected

0.09 ± 0.05

0.15 ± 0.04

0.14 ± 0.03

0.38

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

 Brain

0.03 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

0.05 ± 0.01

0.16

0.84 ± 1.36

0.84 ± 1.42

0.08 ± 0.04

1.76

 Non-Brain

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

2.58 ± 4.63

1.14 ± 1.34

0.24 ± 0.13

3.96

BUBBLE VOLUME DISTRIBUTION [μL/μL*100]

Injection Site

ECC Bubbles

Heart Bubbles

Bubbles Size

S

M

L

SUM

S

M

L

SUM

Aortic Cannulation

 Injected

0.6 ± 0.47

8.36 ± 7.29

91.0 ± 7.7

100%

1.86 ± 1.26

17.65 ± 3.24

80.49 ± 3.79

100%

 Brain

0.18 ± 0.10

2.62 ± 1.63

40.62 ± 53.57

43.42%

0.66 ± 0.44

7.01 ± 2.32

42.40 ± 8.42

50.07%

 Non-Brain

0.42 ± 0.39

5.74 ± 6.15

50.42 ± 59.29

56.58%

1.20 ± 0.84

10.63 ± 2.74

38.09 ± 8.82

49.92%

Axillary Cannulation

 Injected

0.42 ± 0.14

6.4 ± 2.2

93.18 ± 2.34

100%

1.27 ± 1.37

8.4 ± 7.62

90.34 ± 8.96

100%

 Brain

0.23 ± 0.09

3.63 ± 1.33

14.89 ± 8.59

18.75%

0.32 ± 0.37

3.32 ± 3.77

14.97 ± 6.62

18.61%

 Non-Brain

0.19 ± 0.09

2.77 ± 2.85

78.29 ± 8.05

81.25%

0.95 ± 1.0

5.08 ± 3.95

75.37 ± 13.32

81.4%

Femoral Cannulation

 Injected

0.13 ± 0.06

2.56 ± 0.47

97.31 ± 0.51

100%

4.94 ± 8.73

24.83 ± 25.78

70.22 ± 34.3

99.9%

 Brain

0.04 ± 0.01

1.43 ± 0.2

15.56 ± 4.95

17.03%

1.25 ± 2.12

10.65 ± 15.92

16.73 ± 12.98

28.63%

 Non-Brain

0.08 ± 0.05

1.13 ± 0.39

81.76 ± 5.21

82.97%

3.69 ± 6.61

14.18 ± 10.38

53.49 ± 31.23

71.36%