Table 2 Comparison of similarities between the prototypes and the ideal valve

US20060271172A1

Three leaflet apparatus

A superior and inferior O-ring assembly which prevents leakage around the valve, thereby increasing the efficiency of the valve

[32]

US7846204B2

Three leaflet apparatus

Internal cover that prevents regurgitation, thereby increasing the efficiency of the valve

Movement of blood is not hindered, due to the hyperboloidal shape design which preserves valve efficiency

[33]

US20120165929A1

Three leaflet composition

Open structure and smooth arc curvature of the ribs prevents disruption to blood flow and injury to adjacent tissue, therefore preserving the efficiency of the valve

Less susceptible to clotting, reducing the risk valve efficiency being affected

[34]

US8425593B2

Three leaflet composition

Annularly collapsible and re-expandable support structure, which reduces stress on the leaflets, therefore preserving the leaflet structure

Zero folds in the leaflets (equal length of the leaflet free edge in systole and diastole), thereby cancelling any stress due to folding

[35]

US8454685B2

Three leaflet composition

By reducing stress through the scalloped geometry of the leaflets, durability is preserved, and valve efficiency is maintained

Reduced strain during crimping due to the U-shaped crown additionally preserves durability and ensures that valve efficiency is maintained

[36]

US20140135911A1

Three leaflet cusps

Does not have relative movement between the valve assembly and the support beams which ensures durability and valve efficiency

Absence of requirement of sutures, therefore preventing concentrated stress points on the leaflets, and therefore improved valve durability

[37]

US20140163667

Ability to withstand restenosis and high radial strength which increases efficiency in severely calcified aortic valves

Accommodates the natural aortic valve shape for optimal performance

[38]

US9532868B2

Three flexible leaflet structure

Each commissure is centilevered up towards the blood inflow and the other post down towards the blood outflow, therefore ensuring efficiency of blood flow through the valve

Improved stress absorption from the lateral edges of the leaflets

Prevention of paravalvular leakage by the extra sealing effect produced by the toroidal section of the cuff, thereby increasing efficiency of valve function

[39]

EP3485848A1

Three leaflet composition

Smaller parameter, enabling a greater patient selection and possibly minimal valve leaflet flexion and height

Reduced stress and on the leaflets due to the curved scalloped geometry of the leaflets

[40]

US10357358B2

Decreased effects on the adjacent tissue and minimal disruption to blood flow, due to the open structure and the smooth arc curvature of the ribs

Less clotting risk therefore improved durability and efficiency

[41]