Table 1 Porcine models utilizing cardiopulmonary bypass

Angelos et al. [4]

To determine organ blood flow changes in a swine model using CPB to achieve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC)

Swine model of 10 pigs placed on CBP following VF cardiac arrest

Low flow cardiopulmonary bypass model produces reproducible high resuscitation rates and ROSC

Bufalari et al. [5]

To determine the most effective practice of left pneumonectomy

Swine model of 11 pigs undergoing left pneumonectomy

The most straightforward procedure required careful dissection of the pulmonary ligament, pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery, and finally bronchus

Eckhouse et al. [6]

To establish a reproducible model of aortic dilatation reproducing what happens in Thoracic abdominal aneurysm’s (TAA) development

Descending TAA’s were induced in 7 pigs using collagenase and crystalline and tissue analysed

Tissue demonstrates aortic dilatation, aortic medial degeneration, and alterations in MMP/TIMP abundance consistent with TAA formation

Kofidis et al. [7]

To determine the feasibility of transapical cardioscopic surgery in a pig model

Transapical access to the ventricle was obtained in 5 pigs with right mini thoracotomy for central cannulation and CPB

Transapical approach allowed for good exposure and adequate surgical field for mitral valve, and aortic valve access, and atrial ablation and intra-aortic procedures

Lundemeon et al. [8]

To determine the effects of pulsed and non-pulsed CPB on microvascular fluid exchange

A total of 16 pigs were randomized to pulsatile (n = 8) or non-pulsatile (n = 8) CPB

No significant differences in the fluid extravasation rates were present between pulsed and non-pulsed cardiopulmonary bypass perfusion

Mariscal et al. [9]

To describe a surgical technique for swine lung transplantation and postoperative management 3 days postoperatively

Involved development of a protocol based on donor surgery, recipient surgery and postoperative care and sacrifice

This survival model can be used by lung researchers to assess development of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and to test therapeutic strategies targeting PGD

Mickelson et al. [10]

To develop an alternative to canine models in testing for cardiopulmonary bypass research

15 pigs were divided into three groups to determine the optimum conditions during CPB to avoid complications of fluid shifts, metabolic acidosis, and hemoglobinuria

Determined that optimum blood flow rate for cardiopulmonary bypass in swine is in the range of 175–200 ml/kg min. Hyperosmolar priming solution is beneficial for CPB in swine to reduce fluid shifts, metabolic acidosis, and hemoglobinuria

Nicols et al. [11]

To determine the effect of changing FiO2-concentration on SvO2 in a swine model on CPB

8 mixed-gender swine were placed on CPB with an experimental and control group measuring percentage change in blood flow and oxygen delivery

Results suggest that decreased blood flow adjusting for increased SvO2 associated with high PaO2 did not result in significant reduction in adequacy of perfusion markers for organs studied

Oizumi et al. [1]

Development of a swine model for anatomical thoracoscopic lung segmentectomy training

33 pigs were used over a period of 5 years to train operators on segmentectomy via a hybrid (8) or thoracoscopic (23) approach. 3 pigs were converted to thoracotomy due to hemorrhage

Live swine model was considered a good choice for training surgeons on how to perform a minimally invasive lung segmentectomy in humans

Thalmann et al. [13]

Evaluation of several hybrid approaches for pulmonary valve replacement in a swine model

13 pigs were used using 4 different thoracotomy methods for valve implantation, and 5 cases used median sternotomy

Achieved implantation of 12/13 stented valves of which 41% were in the optimal position and 16% had paravalvular leakage. Lower partial sternotomy provided the best deemed approach