Table 1 Comparison of demographics, quality of life, and autonomic nervous regulation between the control and study groups among male non-employed participants at baseline

Haller index

N/A

3.6(3.4, 4.0)

N/A

Basic information

 Age, years old

21.0 (19.8, 23.3)

19.0 (16.0, 22.0)

0.144

 Smoking status

1.000

  Non-smoker, n (%)

14 (100.0%)

19 (95.0%)

  Smoker, n(%)

0 (0.0%)

1 (5.0%)

 Body height, cm

175.0 (170.9, 181.3)

174.3 (169.2, 176.8)

0.517

 Body weight, kg

65.2 (59.3, 69.6)

57.4 (48.3, 61.8)

0.003*

 Body mass index, kg/m²

21.5 (19.6, 22.4)

18.5 (16.9, 20.6)

0.001*

Psychological functions

 BSRS-5

4.0 (1.5, 7.0)

2.0 (0.3, 7.0)

0.446

 VAS

0 (0,0)

0 (0, 2.3)

0.008*

 BDI-II

1.0 (0, 4.3)

1.0 (0, 7.0)

0.928

 PSQI score

4.0 (2.0, 7.3)

4.0 (2.3, 6.0)

0.929

 PSQI sleep quality

1.000

Poor, PSQI≧6, n (%)

5 (36.0%)

7 (35.0%)

Good, PSQI≦5, n (%)

9 (64.0%)

13 (65.0%)

ANS activity (supine posture)

 LF nu,%

50.3 (36.9,60.4)

55.0 (45.3,67.8)

0.506

 HF nu,%

49.7 (39.6,63.1)

45.1 (32.2,54.7)

0.484

 LF/HF

1.02 (0.59,1.54)

1.22 (0.83,2.11)

0.506