Fig. 2

Intraoperative findings. A: Bicuspid aortic valve was with severe calcification (white arrow). The aortic valve was excised via right mini-thoracotomy. B: Right upper lobectomy was performed by VATS. C: Skin incisions; main thoracotomy was made at the lateral side on the edge of the pectoralis major muscle, and three right lateral mini-thoracotomies through the 4th and 7th intercostal spaces (black arrows)