Table 2 Descriptive statistics of demographics and confounders vs. pain treatment
Variable | Multimodal (MMA) | Opioid-based | p value a |
|---|---|---|---|
N = 762 | n = 383 | n = 379 | |
Age, year, median (IQR) | 64 (57–71) | 66 (59–72) | 0.095 |
Sex, female, N (%) | 115 (30%) | 78 (20.6%) | 0.0035 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 (26.1–33.3) | 27.7 (25.0–31.7) | 0.0006 |
Race/Ethnicity, N (Col.%) | |||
Caucasian | 227 (59%) | 260 (69%) | 0.0017 b |
Other | 156 (41%) | 119 (31%) | |
African American | 124 (32%) | 54 (14%) | |
Hispanic | 6 (1.6%) | 10 (2.6%) | |
Asian | 16 (4.2%) | 39 (10%) | |
Other/unknown | 10 (2.6%) | 3 (0.8%) | |
Caucasian and Asian | 243 (63.5%) | 299 (79%) | |
Other | 140 (36.5%) | 80 (21%) | < 0.0001 b |
STS risk-adjusted outcomes | |||
Prolonged postop ventilation | 0.063 (0.038–0.10) | 0.047 (0.030–0.077) | < 0.0001 |
Operative Morbidity/mortality | 0.101 (0.065–0.16) | 0.076 (0.053–0.12) | < 0.0001 |
Operative mortality | 0.012 (0.0064–0.022) | 0.0094 (0.0055–0.017) | 0.0008 |
Surgery type, N (%) | < 0.0001 | ||
CABG | 261 (68%) | 318 (84%) | |
Valve | 81 (21%) | 36 (9.5%) | |
Both | 41 (11%) | 25 (6.6%) | |
Psychotropicsc | 0.048 | ||
No | 332 (87%) | 308 (81%) | |
Yes | 51 (13%) | 71 (19%) | |
# of adjuncts, N (Col. %)d | < 0.0001 | ||
0 | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | |
1 | 13 (3.4%) | 311 (82%) | |
2 | 44 (11.5%) | 60 (16%) | |
3 | 296 (77%) | 7 (1.8%) | |
4 | 29 (7.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |