Table 1 Basic Characteristics of the Patients Who Underwent STVr, STVR and TTVr (2016–2018)

Age, yrs (mean ± SD)

65.03 ± 9.22*

66.30 ± 9.6

71.09 ± 10.68

0.086

Female sex, n (%)

40 (43.5) *

40 (46.5) *

66 (78.6)

0.049

Race

0.12

White

60 (65.2)

53 (61.6)

48 (57.1)

African American

12 (13.0)

13 (15.1)

6 (7.1)

Hispanic

8 (8.7)

7 (8.1)

12 (14.3)

Asian/Pacific Islander

2 (2.2)

7 (8.1)

1 (1.2)

Native American

0 (0)

1 (1.2)

6 (7.1)

Other races

10 (10.9)

13 (15.1)

12 (14.3)

Comorbidities and medical history

Hypertension, n (%)

31 (33.7)

26 (30.2)

12 (14.3)

0.4

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

27 (29.3)

20 (23.3)

24 (28.6)

0.826

Coronary artery disease, n (%)

40 (43.5)

23 (26.7)

36 (42.9)

0.334

Myocardial infarction, n (%)

5 (5.4)

7 (8.1)

1 (1.2)

0.691

Left heart failure, n (%)

52 (56.5) *

50 (58.1)

72 (85.7)

0.103

Hyperlipemia, n (%)

42 (45.7)

23 (26.7) *

54 (64.3)

0.608

Cerebral hemorrhage, n (%)

2 (2.2)

3 (3.5)

6 (7.1)

0.353

Cerebral infarction, n (%)

2 (2.2)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.2)

0.723

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

53 (57.6)

79 (91.9)

66 (78.6)

0.001

Liver disease, n (%)

16 (17.4)

17 (19.8)

6 (7.1)

0.616

Renal failure, n (%)

42 (45.7)

43 (50.0)

60 (71.4)

0.199

Peripheral vascular disease, n (%)

2 (2.2)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.2)

0.926

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)

12 (13)*

17 (19.8)

30 (35.7)

0.9

Deficiency anemia, n (%)

7 (7.6)

7 (8.1)

1 (1.2)

0.746

Coagulopathy, n (%)

21 (22.8)

13 (15.1)

6 (7.1)

0.393

Obesity, n (%)

15 (16.3)

10 (11.6)

18 (21.4)

0.699

Alcohol use, %

1 (1.1)

1 (1.2)

1 (1.2)

1

Tobacco abuse, n (%)

26 (28.3)

13 (15.1)

24 (28.6)

0.417

Permanent pacemaker implantation

7 (7.6)

30 (34.9) *

6 (7.1)

0.001

ICD implantation

9 (9.8)

3 (3.5)

1 (1.2)

0.511

Primary payer, n (%)

0.96

Medicare

50 (54.3)

43 (50)

47 (56.0)

Medicaid

7 (7.6)

7 (8.1)

6 (7.1)

Private insurance

33 (35.9)

30 (34.9)

6 (7.1)

Other

2 (22.2)

7 (8.1)

6 (7.1)