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Table 1 Patient characteristic
| Overall (N = 91) | Persistent AF (N = 78) | Long standing persistent AF (N = 13) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow up (months) | 60 ± 21 | 60 ± 21 | 63 ± 19 | 0.569 |
| Age (years) | 53 ± 10 | 53 ± 9 | 52 ± 11 | 0.661 |
| Patients < 65 years old | 80 (87 %) | 69 (89 %) | 11 (85 %) | 0.694 |
| Patients 65–74 years old | 10 (11 %) | 8 (10 %) | 2 (15 %) | 0.631 |
| Patients > 65–74 years old | 1 (1 %) | 1 (1 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1.000 |
| Female gender | 21 (23 %) | 19 (24 %) | 2 (15 %) | 0.726 |
| LV dysfunction | 11 (12 %) | 8 (10 %) | 3 (23 %) | 0.189 |
| Hypertension | 73 (80 %) | 62 (80 %) | 11 (85 %) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 5 (6 %) | 4 (5 %) | 1 (8 %) | 0.546 |
| History of TIA | 5 (5 %) | 4 (8 %) | 1 (8 %) | 1.000 |
| Stroke on adequate anticoagulation | 2 (2 %) | 2 (2 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1.000 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 4 (4 %) | 4 (5 %) | 0 (0 %) | 1.000 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score = 0 | 9 (10 %) | 8 (10 %) | 1 (8 %) | 0.774 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score = 1 | 47 (52 %) | 40 (51 %) | 7 (54 %) | 0.864 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc Score ≥2 | 35 (38 %) | 30 (38 %) | 4 (30 %) | 0.596 |
| AF duration (months) | 73 ± 66 | 40 ± 37 | 79 ± 69 | 0.006 |
| Failed catheter ablation | 10 (21 %) | 17 (22 %) | 2 (15 %) | 0.598 |
| Failed catheter ablation >1 time | 9 (10 %) | 7 (10 %) | 2 (15 %) | 0.474 |
| Median LVEF (%) | 55 (30–65) | 55 (30–65) | 55 (40–55) | 0.293 |
| LA diameter (cm) | 4.3 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 0.046 |
| Operative | ||||
| Median operation duration (min) | 180 (90–280) | 180 (90–280) | 170 (120–240) | 0.497 |
| Ablation time (min) | 14 ± 4 | 13 ± 4 | 15 ± 6 | 0.772 |
| PV Ablation time (min) | 10 ± 3 | 10 ± 3 | 10 ± 5 | 0.864 |
| RA Ablation time (min) | 5 ± 3 | 6 ± 4 | 4 ± 2 | 0.293 |
| Division of ligament of Marshall | 61 (67 %) | 55 (71 %) | 6 (46 %) | 0.112 |
| Box lesion around PVs (exit block achieved) | 80 (88 %) | 70 (90 %) | 10 (77 %) | 0.189 |
