Table 1 Cases of spontaneous hemothorax caused by solitary costal exostosis from the literature
From: Hemothorax caused by costal exostosis injuring diaphragm: a case report and literature review
Author/year | Age/ sex | History | Induced factors | Symptoms | Diagnostic methods | Radiology findings | Treatment | Injured site | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Costal exostosis | Pleural effusion | Other findings | ||||||||
R. A. Propper/ 1980 [7] | 9/M | Osteochondromas elsewhere, family history of familial multiple exostosis, right shoulder pain | Unknow | Right-sided chest pain | Thoracentesis, CXR | Right 6th | Yes | None | Thoracotomy | Pleura |
J R Reynolds /1990 [8] | 14/M | Shoulder pain for two weeks | None | Left-sided chest pain, dizziness, dyspnea | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Left 7th | Yes | None | Thoracotomy | Diaphragm |
S M Tomares /1994 [9] | 3/M | Osteochondromas elsewhere | Unknow | Right-sided chest pain | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 6th | Yes | Atelectasis, pneumonia | VAT | Pleura |
N K arrison/1994 [22] | 36/F | None | Unknow | Left-sided chest pain, dyspnea | Thoracic drainage, CXR, CT | Left 4th | Yes | None | Thoracotomy | Unknow |
David A. Simansky/1997 [10] | 17/M | Family history of familial multiple exostosis | None | Dyspnea, syncope | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 9th | Yes | None | VAT | Diaphragm |
Keith G. Buchan /2001 [11] | 21/M | None | Strenuous exercise | Left-sided chest pain | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Left 4th | Yes | None | Thoracotomy | Pericardium |
Waseem M. Hajjar/2003 [12] | 20/M | None | Sneeze | Right-sided chest pain, shortness of breath | Thoracic drainage, CXR, CT | Right 6th | Yes | None | Thoracotomy | Diaphragm |
Alessandro Bini/2003 [13] | 36/M | Spontaneous hydropneumothorax | Unknow | Right-sided chest pain | Thoracic drainage, CXR, CT | Right 9th | Yes | None | VAT and limited thoracotomy | Lung |
Mai Linh Pham-Duc/2005 [14] | 15/F | Low back pain a month ago | Unknow | Chest pain, dyspnea, vasovagal reaction | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Left 8th | Yes | None | VAT | Lung |
Wook Jin/2005 [15] | 11/F | None | None | Left-sided chest pain, dyspnea | Thoracic drainage, CXR, CT | Left 6th | Yes | Mediastinal shift | Thoracotomy | Diaphragm |
Kazuhide Matsushima /2006 [16] | 13/Man | Osteochondromas elsewhere, family history of familial multiple exostosis | None | Right-sided chest pain | Thoracic drainage, CXR, CT | Right 9th | Yes | None | VAT | Diaphragm |
Hsuan-Rong Huang /2006 [24] | 9/F | Osteochondromas elsewhere, family history of familial multiple exostosis | Exercise | Right-sided chest pain | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 7th | Yes | None | Observation | Unknow |
A Martino/2007 [17] | 13/F | None | None | Right-sided chest pain | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 4th | Yes | Atelectasis of adjacent lobe | Thoracotomy | Diaphragm |
J Graham/2008 [25] | 15/M | Osteochondromas elsewhere | Exercise | Chest pain, productive cough, malaise, syncope | US-guided thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 6th | Yes | None | Thoracotomy | Unknow |
Y. Matsuno/2009 [18] | 3/M | Osteochondromas elsewhere, family history of familial multiple exostosis | Unknow | Left-sided chest pain | CXR, CT | Left 7th | Yes | None | VAT | Pericardium |
Tomoyuki Nakano/2009 [19] | 15/M | None | Exercise | Chest pain | Thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 6th | Yes | None | VAT | Diaphragm |
Gregory S. Marlowe/2011 [23] | 10/M | Osteochondromas elsewhere, family history of familial multiple exostosis | None | Right upper quadrant abdominal pain | CT-guided thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Right 7th | Yes | Pneumothorax caused by thoracentesis | Observation | Unknow |
Mital Patel /2015 [20] | 48/M | Spontaneous hemothorax occurred 3 times in 2Â years | Exercise | Dyspnea, almost syncope | CT, DSA | Right 5th | Yes | Active extravasation of the right phrenic artery | Thoracotomy after transcatheter embolization | Diaphragm |
Pavai Arunachalam/ 2020 [21] | 7/M | None | None | Left-sided chest pain, dyspnea | US-guided thoracentesis, CXR, US, CT | Left 7th | Yes | None | VAT and limited thoracotomy | Pleura, lung |
Present case | 13/F | None | None | Left-sided chest pain, left shoulder pain | US-guided thoracentesis, CXR, CT | Left 6th | Yes | Atelectasis of the left lung | VAT and limited thoracotomy | Diaphragm |