Fig. 2

Preoperative changes in FEV1.0 and %FEV1.0 after study interventions in the four study groups. a Amount of change in FEV1.0; b amount of change in %FEV1.0; and c rate of change in FEV1.0. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FEV1.0, forced expiratory volume in 1.0 s; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist