Table 1 Patients’ characteristics

Age at time of surgery (yrs)

100

66 (54–77)

12

74 (67–79)

0.135

Sex of patient

100

12

0.181

Female

28 (28%)

1 (8%)

Male

72 (72%)

11 (92%)

Diabetes Mellitus (insulin or non-insulin dependent)

100

12

1.00

 Yes

18 (18%)

2 (17%)

 Medically treated hypertension

100

12

0.35

 Yes

57 (57%)

9 (75%)

 Diet or medically treated hyperlipidemia

100

12

0.76

 Yes

58 (58%)

6 (50%)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—severe

100

11

0.41

 Yes

4 (4%)

1 (9%)

–

 Previous stroke or T.I.A

100

12

0.69

 Yes

19 (19%)

1 (8%)

 Evidence of any atherosclerotic lesion outside of the heart and proximal aorta

100

12

0.69

 Yes

8 (8%)

2 (17%)

 Pre-op dialysis

100

12

0.29

 Yes

1 (1%)

1 (8%)

 Family history of heart disease including stroke, PVD, MI, angina, or heart surgery

100

11

0.20

 Yes

47 (47%)

4 (36%)

0.58

Smoking history

100

12

1.00

 Never smoked

45 (45%)

6 (50%)

 Still smoking

7 (7%)

0 (0%)

Stopped smoking

48 (48%)

6 (50%)

1.00

 Pre-op atrial fibrillation/flutter

100

12

1.00

 Yes

15 (15%)

2 (17%)

Pre-op complete heart block

100

12

1.00

 Yes

9 (9%)

0 (0%)

 Congestive Heart Failure

100

12

0.59

 Yes

66 (66%)

8 (67%)

 Shock

100

12

1.00

 Yes

1 (1%)

1 (8%)

 Syncopal episodes

100

12

0.20

 Yes

2 (2%)

0 (0%)

 Aortic valve disease

100

11

1.00

 Mixed

26 (26%)

2 (18%)

 None

7 (7%)

1 (9%)

 Regurgitation (greater than mild: > 2 +)

44 (44%)

4 (36%)

0.66

 Stenosis

23 (23%)

4 (36%)

 Mitral valve disease

100

12

 Missing

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

 Mixed

2 (2%)

0 (0%)

 None

85 (85%)

12 (100%)

0.54

 Regurgitation (greater than mild: > 2+)

12 (12%)

0 (0%)

 Tricuspid valve disease

100

12

 None

94 (94%)

12 (100%)

 Regurgitation (greater than mild: > 2+)

5 (5%)

0 (0%)

 Stenosis

1 (1%)

0 (0%)

1.00