Table 1 Reported cases of Azygos Vein Aneurysm

Ko

33

M

Chest tightness

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

6.5 × 6.0

CXR, CT, MRI

None

Surgical resection

[3]

Ko

72

F

Chest tightness

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

6.0 × 5.0

CXR, CT, MRI

None

Surgical resection

[3]

Ko

55

M

Arteriovenous fifistula infection

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

3.7 × 3.0

CXR, CT

End-stage renal disease

Surgical resection

[3]

Ko

66

F

Dyspnea, pulmonary thromboembolism

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

2.8 × 2.4

CXR, CT

After breast cancer operation

Surgical resection

[3]

Ko

77

F

Trauma

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

5.5 × 3.0

CXR, CT

Diabetes mellitus

Conservative

[3]

Ko

56

M

Trauma

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

3.2 × 2.7

CXR, CT

None

Conservative

[3]

Ko

46

F

Hemoptysis, lung metastasis

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

2.7 × 2.2

CXR, CT

After rectal cancer operation

VATS resection, left upper lobectomy

[3]

Ko

67

F

Stroke

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

3.0 × 2.7

CXR, CT

None

Conservative

[3]

Ko

37

F

Cough, hemoptysis

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

3.5 × 3.0

CXR, CT, MRI

Bronchopulmonary sequestration

VATS resection, right lower lobectomy

[3]

Ko

34

M

Fever, cough

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

4.5 × 2.5

CXR, CT, MRI

Drug addict, mediastinal hemangiomatosis

Conservative

[3]

Choo

79

F

Lower leg weakness

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.8

CXR, CT, MRI

Vertebral disk disorder

Conservative

[4]

He

41

F

N/A

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

N/A

CXR, CT, MRI, phlebography

N/A

Surgical resection

[5]

Briones-Claudett

86

F

Dysphagia, paresthesia

N/A

N/A

N/A

CXR, CT, Bronchoscopy, three-dimensional reconstruction

Aspergillus fumigatus infection

Conservative

[6]

Irurzun

N/A

N/A

Cough, wheezing, hiccups

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Transcatheter embolization

[7]

Figueiredo

78

M

Depressed level of consciousness

Acquired AVA

Saccular

1.2

MRI

Portal hypertension

Conservative

[8]

Guo

28

M

Cough, fever

Acquired AVA

Saccular

N/A

CT, three-dimensional reconstruction

After aneurysm resection

N/A

[9]

Ichiki

76

M

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.5

CXR, CT, MRI

None

VATS resection

[10]

Mohajeri

45

M

Trauma

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

3.8 × 2.8

CXR, CT, MRI

None

Conservative

[11]

DeMaio

28

F

Chest pain, neurologic deficits, shock

Acquired AVA

Fusiform

N/A

CT, phlebography

A motor vehicle collision

Stent graft implantation

[12]

Weber

15

M

Chest pain

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

2.6 × 4.0

CXR, CT, MRI, PET

Pulmonary embolus

Transcatheter embolization

[13]

Favelier

78

F

Chest pain

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

6.0 × 5.0

MRI, phlebography

Pulmonary embolus

Stent graft implantation

[14]

Icard

68

M

Chest pain

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

6.0

CXR, CT

None

Surgical resection

[15]

Tang

42

M

None

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

4.2 × 6.7 × 4.0

CT, three-dimensional reconstruction

N/A

Surgical resection

[16]

Du

70

F

Chest pain

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

4.0 × 3.5 × 3.4

CT, phlebography

None

VATS resection

[17]

Du

53

M

None

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

5.5 × 3.5 × 4.0

CT

None

Conservative

[17]

Du

60

F

Cough

N/A

Saccular

2.1 × 2.0 × 2.0

CT

None

Oral anticoagulation

[17]

Xie

70

F

Chest pain

N/A

Fusiform

4.0 × 3.5 × 3.4

CT

None

VATS resection

[18]

Morton

73

F

Dysphagia, odynophagia, chest tightness

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

5.5 × 5.0

CT, phlebography

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diverticulitis, osteochondroma of the right scapula after surgery

Transcatheter coil embolization

[19]

Wang

53

F

Chest tightness, choking

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

4.2 × 3.7 × 2.6

CT

None

VATS resection

[20]

Choi

0.25

M

Chest tightness

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

10

CXR, CT, TTE

Pulmonary embolus

Surgical resection

[21]

Takamori

43

N/A

None

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

4.7 × 3.5 × 2.4

CT

None

VATS resection

[22]

Zhang

36

M

Chest pain, Chest tightness

N/A

Fusiform

5.5 × 4.0 × 4.2

CT

None

Surgical resection

[23]

Gomez

N/A

N/A

N/A

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

N/A

CT, phlebography

N/A

N/A

[24]

Rothman

26

M

Dachycardia, Chest tightness

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

5 × 2.5 × 2.5

CXR, CT

N/A

Stent graft implantation

[25]

Hatachi

56

F

Chest pain

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

4.3 × 3.6

CT

None

VATS resection

[26]

Kurihara

73

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.5 × 3.0 × 2.5

CXR, CT

None

Surgical resection

[27]

Zhang

42

M

None

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

5.0

CT

None

Surgical resection

[28]

Ueda

60

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

2.5

CXR, CT

None

VATS resection

[29]

Lee

38

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

3.0

CXR, CT

None

VATS resection

[30]

Miura

79

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

6.6 × 6.5 × 4.5

CXR, CT, MRI

None

VATS resection

[31]

Guo

49

F

None

N/A

Saccular

5.0 × 4.0 × 3.0

CT

None

Robot-assisted VATS resection

[32]

Hu

23

M

None

Acquired AVA

Saccular

5.4 × 4.5 × 4.0

CT, three-dimensional reconstruction

ArteriovenousAneurysm

VATS resection

[33]

Obeso

74

F

None

N/A

N/A

1.9 × 1.1

CT

Lung cance

VATS resection, right upper lobectomy

[34]

Davis

70

M

Chest pain

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

3.3 × 2.6

CT, phlebography

Pulmonary embolism

Stent graft implantation

[35]

Suzuki

79

M

Pleural effusions

Acquired AVA

N/A

5.0

CXR, CT

Mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation

Surgical resection

[36]

Córdoba

68

M

Syncope

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

3.8

CXR, CT, MRI

Accessory fissure

N/A

[37]

Seo

72

F

Chest discomfort

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.5

CXR, MRI, PET

None

N/A

[38]

Imori

62

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

2.0 × 1.5

CT, EUS

Lung cancer

Conservative

[39]

Yang

75

F

General weakness, neurologic deficits

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

4.1 × 2.5 × 3.0

CXR, CT

Cerebral infarction

Oral anticoagulation

[40]

Ishikura

51

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

6.0

CXR, CT

None

Surgical resection

[41]

Ichihara

64

M

Hemoptysis

Acquired AVA

N/A

N/A

N/A

Dilated submucosal bronchial vessels

N/A

[42]

Gnanamuthu

73

M

Cough and mild dysphagia

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

5.0

CXR, CT, PET

Chronic obstructive airways disease

Surgical resection

[43]

Nakamura

37

F

Chest pain and palpitations

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

11.0 × 9.0

CXR, CT

Pulmonary embolus

Embolectomy

[44]

D’Souza

29

F

Dyspnea

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

5.0

CXR, CR, MRI

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV

Stent graft implantation

[45]

Abad

49

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.0 × 3.5 × 1.5

CXR, CT, MRI

None

Surgical resection

[46]

Person

61

F

Lightheadedness, nausea, and leg weakness

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

N/A

CXR, CT

Hypothyroidism

VATS resection

[47]

Dilege

72

F

Chest pain

N/A

N/A

N/A

CXR, CT, MRI

N/A

Surgical resection

[48]

Bobbio

66

F

None

N/A

N/A

N/A

CXR, CT

Esophageal carcinoma

Surgical resection

[49]

Sakaguchi

52

M

None

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

4.0 × 3.0 × 3.0

CXR, CT, MRI

None

Surgical resection

[50]

Gallego

64

F

Cough, wheezing

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.5

CXR, CT, MRI

None

N/A

[51]

Poll

46

F

None

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

8.0

CXR, CT, MRI

Sickle cell anemia

Conservative

[52]

Watanabe

64

F

Cough, fever

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

3.0

CXR, CT, MRI, TEE

None

Surgical resection

[53]

Mehta

70

F

None

N/A

N/A

N/A

CXR, CT

Rectal carcinoma

N/A

[54]

Lena

70

M

Hematoma involving the pectoralis major

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

3.0 × 3.0

CXR, CT, TEE

Lung cancer, coronary heart disease

N/A

[55]

Kurihara

62

M

N/A

N/A

Saccular

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

[56]

Seebauer

54

F

Superior vena cava occlusion syndrome

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

15.0 × 7.0

CXR, CT, TEE, phlebography

None

Surgical resection

[57]

Ikushima

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

4D-flow MRI

N/A

VATS resection

[58]

Bhojwani

17

M

Dysphagia, postprandial emesis

Idiopathic AVA

N/A

N/A

CT

Heterotaxy syndrome

Oesophagostomy

[59]

Savu

74

F

Chest pain

N/A

Saccular

3 × 4

CXR, CT, bronchoscopy

Heart failure

Surgical resection

[60]

Zhou

65

M

None

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

2.6 × 2.0 × 2.7

CT

N/A

VATS resection

[61]

Zhou

71

F

Dizziness

Idiopathic AVA

Saccular

3.8 × 3.2 × 3.9

CT

Hypertension

Conservative

[61]

Zhang

46

F

None

N/A

Saccular

5.0

CT

None

VATS resection

[62]

Sun

52

M

None

N/A

Saccular

4.4 × 3.4

CT

None

VATS resection

[63]

This case

56

M

Dysphagia

Idiopathic AVA

Fusiform

8.1 × 7.5

CT, bronchoscopy, three-dimensional reconstruction

None

VATS resection