Fig. 1

Spontaneous ventilation was first attempted in 33 patients with intrathoracic tracheal stenosis. The airway device was chosed by the attending anesthetist and comprised either a laryngeal mask airway (ProSeal LMA) (n = 27) or single lumen endotracheal tube (n = 6). During the resection and reconstruction phase, “tubeless” failed in 9 patients and they used plan B: which is switch to traditional ventilation