Table 1 Major molecular targets of CBD related to the management of VD

ECS:

CB1

Receptor

CB1 is located mainly in the central nervous system and its activation promotes oxidative stress and inflammation; CBD is a negative allosteric modulator of CB1.

[21,22,23,24,25]

CB2

Receptor

CB2 is located mainly in the immune system and its activation inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation; CBD is an inverse agonist of CB2.

[21,22,23,24,25]

AEA

Endogenous cannabinoid

CBD administration has been shown to increase the concentration of AEA.

[21, 29]

2-AG

Endogenous cannabinoid

CBD administration has been shown to increase the concentration of 2-AG.

[23, 29]

FAAH

Metabolic enzyme

CBD inhibits the major endogenous cannabinoids breakdown enzyme FAAH; FAAH 385 A/A missense polymorphism is a risk factor for overweight/obesity, which are also risk factors for CAD.

[11, 45]

TRPV1

Receptor

CBD is an agonistic modulator of TRPV1; TRPV1 have a close relationship with inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

[12,13,14]

5-HT1A

Receptor

CBD is an agonistic modulator of 5-HT1A; 5-HT1A mediates cell survival by activating phospholipase C/protein kinase C, calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and phosphatidyl inositol 3’-kinase/Akt signaling.

[13, 14]

PPARγ

Receptor

CBD is an agonistic modulator of PPARγ; The effects of CBD on anxiety, depression, the cardiovascular system, immune system, and adipogenesis are mediated, at least in part, by PPARγ.

[11, 14]

COX

Receptor

CBD affects the metabolism of arachidonic acid by affecting COX-1/-2 activity.

[11, 30]