Table 1 Characteristics of the included RCTs
Study | County | Design | No. of patients | Mean age years | Male % | Anesthesia regimen | Type of surgery | Protocols of RIPC | Control | Diagnosis of outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hudetz 2015 | USA | R, DB | 30 | 65.5 | 100 | Midazolam, fentanyl, rocuronium, etomidate, isoflurane; | On-pump heart surgery | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 4, after anesthesia induction and before CPB | Uninflated cuff | 1-SD |
Gasparovic 2019 | USA | R, DB | 66 | 62 | 82 | Midazolam, sufentanil, rocuronium, sevoflurane; | On-pump CABG | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 3, after anesthesia induction and before CPB | Uninflated cuff | MoCA |
Meybohm 2018 | Germany | R, DB | 273 | NR | NR | Intravenous anesthesia with no volatile anesthetic agents | On-pump heart surgery | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 4, after anaesthesia induction and before CPB | Uninflated cuff | 1-SD and Z score |
Meybohm 2013 | Germany | R, DB | 180 | 69 | 81.2 | Propofol, rocuronium, sufentanil; | On-pump heart surgery | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 4, after anesthesia induction and before CPB | Uninflated cuff | 1-SD |
Joung 2013 | Korea | R, DB | 70 | 60 | 81.4 | Etomidate, propofol, rocuronium, remifentanil; | Off-pump CABG | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 4, before coronary artery anastomosis | Uninflated cuff | 1-SD |
He 2017 | China | R, DB | 90 | 68 | 13.3 | Midazolam, etomidate, sufentanil, cisatracurium, remifentanil, sevoflurane | Colon surgery | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 3, before anesthesia induction | Uninflated cuff | MoCA |
Zou 2013 | China | R | 68 | 49.7 | 53 | Intravenous anesthesia with no volatile anesthetic agents | Cardiopulmonary bypass heart surgery | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 3, after anesthesia induction and after CPB | Uninflated cuff | MMSE |
Wang 2021 | China | R | 60 | 46 | 53.3 | Etomidate, sufentanil, cisatracurium, remifentanil, desflurane | Moyamoya disease vascularization | LL, 200mmHg, 5min × 4, after anesthesia induction | Uninflated cuff | MoCA |
Jing 2011 | China | R, DB | 40 | 49.5 | 37.5 | Midazolam, etomidate, fentanyl, sevoflurane, Vecuronium bromide | On-pump valvular surgery | UL, 35kPa,5min× 4, after anesthesia induction | Uninflated cuff | MMSE and MoCA |
Zhou 2018 | China | R | 60 | 69.5 | 56.6 | Intravenous anesthesia with no volatile anesthetic agents | Liver cancer surgery | LL, 5min × 3, after anesthesia induction, arterial blood flow cannot be detected by ultrasound | Uninflated cuff | MMSE |
Su 2009 | China | R | 36 | 55.5 | 41.6 | Intravenous anesthesia with no volatile anesthetic agents | CPB heart surgery | UL, 200mmHg, 5min × 3, after anesthesia induction | Uninflated cuff | MMSE |
Tao 2014 | China | R | 80 | 67.5 | 57.5 | Intravenous anesthesia with no volatile anesthetic agents | radical resection of rectal carcmoma | LL, 200mmHg, 5min × 3, after anesthesia induction | Uninflated cuff | MMSE |
Zhang 2020 | China | R | 69 | 67 | 49.2 | Intravenous anesthesia with no volatile anesthetic agents | Surgical operation | UL, 50mmHg higher than basal systolic blood pressure (up to 200mmHg), 3min × 3, after anesthesia induction | Uninflated cuff | Z score |