Fig. 3

ALE prediction. A A representative ALE scoring model developed in a fivefold cross-validation method. B ROC curve of the ALE risk scoring system (left) and a box plot showing its performance in fivefold cross-validation (right). C ALE prediction algorithm and patient flow. D The confusion matrix of the ALE prediction algorithm illustrated in (C). A dagger † denotes the true negative cohort, while double daggers ‡ denotes the false negative cohort. E Maximum leak flow (top) and leak duration time (bottom) in the false negative (FN) cohort^†. AUC, area under the curve. ALE risk score, the total score of the ALE scoring model (A). npv, negative predictive value