Table 1 Occurrence of chylous leakage among the included studies
From: Chylous leakage after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a systematic review
Author | Year | Country | Experimental | Number of chylous leakage cases/total cases | Control | Number of chylous leakage cases/total cases | Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hayes N | 1995 | Britain | Lewis-Tanner two-stage | 1/14 | Synchronous two-team | 0/13 | 63(40–74) 68(51–77) |
Bruns H | 1996 | Germany | Transthoracic en bloc resection | 0/12 | Transmediastinal dissection | 1/10 | 58(46–69) |
Lanschot | 1999 | Holland | Prevertebral gastric tube reconstruction | 3/30 | Retrosternal gastric tube reconstruction | 2/30 | 60(37–76) 63(43–79) |
Han-Geurts IJM | 2007 | Holland | Feeding jejunostomy | 0/79 | Nasoduodenal tube placement | 2/71 | 61(28–89) 61(39–85) |
Hirao M | 2011 | Japan | Preoperative chemotherapy | 1/162 | Postoperative chemotherapy | 2/154 | 61(39–75) 61(38–75) |
Lai FC | 2011 | China | Mass Ligation of Thoracic Duct | 1/325 | Conserved group | 7/328 | 68.6 ± 9.4 67.4 ± 9.0 |
Nederlof N | 2011 | Holland | End-to-end esophagogastrostomy | 4/64 | End-to-side esophagogastrostomy | 1/64 | 60 [35–80] 63 [39–82] |
Zhang C | 2011 | China | Narrow gastric tube reconstruction | 0/52 | Total gastric reconstruction | 1/52 | 91 of them(51–70) |
Li B | 2015 | China | Sweet Esophagectomy | 11/150 | Ivor-Lewis Esophagectomy | 5/150 | 60 (39–74) 60 (38–74) |
Mashhadi MR | 2015 | Iran | Preoperative radiochemotherapy | 2/50 | Surgical treatment | 1/50 | 56.0 ± 5.62 57.7 ± 3.80 |
Zhang Z | 2017 | China | Chemoradiotherapy + surgery | 11/141 | Chemotherapy + surgery | 10/126 | 61 (44–69) 62 (46–72) |
Guinan EM | 2018 | Holland | Preoperative inspiratory muscle training | 3/28 | Standard treatment | 0/32 | 63.07 (8.8) 65.06(7.78) |
Yang H | 2018 | China | Preoperative chemoradiotherapy + surgery | 5/185 | Surgical treatment | 7/227 | 56 (31–70) 58 (35–70) |
Ohkura Y | 2018 | Japan | Oligomer formula, enteral nutrition | 3/33 | Polymer formula, enteral nutrition | 1/34 | (≥ 65/ < 65)37/30 |
Pieter C | 2018 | Holland | Robot-assisted Minimally Invasive Thoracolaparoscopic Esophagectomy | 17/54 | Open Transthoracic Esophagectomy | 12/55 | 64 (± 8.9) 65 (± 8.2) |
Kanekiyo S | 2018 | Japan | Immunomodulatory enteral nutrition | 1/20 | Standard enteral nutrition | 1/20 | 65 (60–70) 62 (60–72) |
Valkenet K | 2018 | Holland | Preoperative inspiratory muscle training | 11/120 | Standard treatment | 13/118 | 62.7(8.9) 63.7(7.5) |
Li B | 2019 | China | Three-field lymphadenectomy in transthoracic esophagectomy | 7/200 | Two-field lymphadenectomy in transthoracic esophagectomy | 7/200 | 62 (57–66) 61 (57–66) |
Berkelmans GHK | 2019 | Holland | Direct Oral Feeding Following Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy | 1/65 | Feeding jejunostomy | 7/67 | 65 [59–70] 65 [61–70] |
Mariette C | 2019 | France | Open surgery | 7/103 | Mixed minimally invasive surgery | 5/102 | 61(23–78) 59(23–75) |
Liu B | 2019 | China | Modified gastric tube | 1/35 | Conventional gastric tube | 1/35 | 64.06 ± 8.69 65.00 ± 10.12 |
Zheng T | 2019 | China | Nasojejunostomy feeding | 0/58 | Nasogastric feeding | 0/62 | 65 (41–81) 64 (39–82) |
Sasaki K | 2020 | Japan | Postoperative large-curvature anastomosis | 1/35 | Postoperative small-curvature anastomosis | 0/33 | 65 (46–80) 65 (51–75) |
Fransen LFC | 2020 | Holland | Direct Oral Feeding Following Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy | 0/85 | feeding jejunostomy | 21/111 | 65 (58–70) 67 (61–74) |
Sugimura K | 2020 | Japan | Chemoradiotherapy | 2/40 | Chemotherapy | 1/41 | 65 (43–79) 67.5(50–76) |
Zhong JD | 2021 | China | Postoperative active respiratory circulation technique | 2/146 | Regular chest physical therapy | 2/145 | 61.2(8.61) 61.1(8.25) |
Shi KF | 2021 | China | Video-assisted mediastinoscopic Esophagectomy | 1/100 | Laparoscopic transhiatal Esophagectomy | 4/100 | 66.3 ± 6.1 66.3 ± 6.7 |
Yang Y | 2021 | China | Robot-assisted + minimally invasive surgery | 5/181 | Conventional minimally invasive surgery | 2/177 | 65 (43–75) 63(42–75) |
Workum FV | 2021 | Holland | Minimally invasive with intrathoracic anastomosis | 9/122 | Minimally invasive cervical anastomosis | 11/123 | 67 (5.1) 68 (9.2) |
Kulkarni A | 2022 | India | Robot-assisted McKeown esophagectomy | 2/25 | Video-assisted McKeown esophagectomy | 2/49 | 59.2 ± 8.3 56.1 ± 11.1 |
Fabbi M | 2022 | Germany | Cycle stapler, end-to-side | 26/220 | Linear stapler, side-to-side | 5/36 | 66(36–89) 65(29–83) |
Wang H | 2022 | China | Chemoradiotherapy + surgery | 3/114 | Chemotherapy + surgery | 3/108 | 18–75 |