No agreement has been reached for the best surgical treatment for patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Our objective was to meta-analyze the clinical outcomes of repair and replacement.
Methods
A computerized search was performed using Pubmed, Embase, Ovid medline and Cochrane Library. The search terms “ischemic or ischaemic” and “mitral valve” and “repair or replacement or annuloplasty” and “coronary artery bypass grafting” were entered as MeSH terms and keywords. The primary outcomes were operative mortality and late mortality. Secondary outcomes were 2+ or greater recurrence of mitral regurgitation and reoperation rate.
Results
Eleven studies were eligible for the final meta-analysis. These studies included a total of 1750 patients, 60.4 % of whom received mitral valve repair. All patients underwent concomitant coronary artery bypass graft. No differences were found in operative mortality (summary odds ratio [OR] 0.65; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.43-1.00; p = 0.05), late mortality (summary hazard ratio [HR] 0.87; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.67-1.14; p = 0.31) and reoperation (summary odds ratio [OR] 1.47; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.90-2.38; p = 0.12). Regurgitation recurrence was lower in the replacement group (summary odds ratio [OR] 5.41; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 3.12-9.38; p < 0.001).
Conclusion
In patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation during CABG, mitral valve replacement is associated with lower recurrence of regurgitation. No differences were found regarding survival and reoperation rates.
Chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) is a frequent and important complication after myocardial infarction. Its pathophysiologic mechanisms account for remodeling of segmental/global left ventricle (LV) inducing papillary muscle displacement and leaflet tethering [1]. The presence of IMR is independently associated with mortality and morbidity after myocardial infarction [2].
Given the severity of IMR, surgery performed for IMR ranges from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) alone to both CABG and mitral valve surgery [3, 4]. Two randomized trials indicated that repair was associated with a reduced prevalence of mitral regurgitation but did not show a clinically meaningful advantage of adding mitral valve repair to CABG [5, 6]. In addition, when compared with replacement, previous meta-analyses concluded that repair is associated with lower operative mortality but higher recurrence of regurgitation in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation, with or without CABG [7, 8]. For patients with chronic IMR undergoing combined CABG, the best surgical treatment is still controversial. Some studies support replacement [9, 10], others support repair [11, 12], and others showed similar survival for the two procedures [13]. Current guidelines recommend mitral valve surgery for severe IMR, but do not demonstrate a specific type of procedure [14, 15]. Numerous non-randomized studies have been published comparing the clinical outcomes between MVP + CABG and MVR + CABG for IMR. However, there is still no systematic and quantitative assessment of accumulated literature on this topic. Meta-analysis is a powerful tool to provide meaningful comparison of short and long-term outcomes of these procedures. The present meta-analysis aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent mitral valve surgery and CABG for chronic IMR.
Methods
Search strategy
This meta-analysis was conducted according to the recommendations of the Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) [16]. A computerized search was performed using Pubmed, Embase, Ovid medline and Cochrane Library from their dates of inception to December 2015 without language restriction. The search terms “ischemic or ischaemic” and “mitral valve” and “repair or replacement or annuloplasty” and “coronary artery bypass grafting” were entered as MeSH terms and keywords. The language of publication was restricted to English. We also reviewed the full text and references lists of all relevant review articles in detail. YW and XS independently undertook the literature search, screening of titles and abstracts. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus.
Study selection
Articles were included if there is a direct comparison of repair versus replacement and all patients with IMR had CABG. The exclusion criteria were applied to select the final articles for the meta-analysis: (1) ischemic etiology in only a subset of the patients with outcomes not specifically provided (2) nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (3) beating heart procedures (4) concomitant surgical ventricular restoration (5) preoperative hemodynamic instability (6) lack of annuloplasty in > 20 % of the patients in the repair group (7) acute IMR.
Data extraction and quality assessment
All data were extracted independently by 2 investigators (Y.W., X.S.) according to the prespecified selection criteria, with disagreement resolved by consensus among all authors. The following data from each study were extracted: the last name of the first author, year of publication, study population, patients’ age and gender, comorbidities, cardiac function, severity of mitral regurgitation at baseline and follow-up period. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus.
Based on the extracted data, the quality of the included studies was evaluated using the nine-item Newcastle-Ottawa Quality scale [17], a widely used tool for the quality assessment of non-randomized trials. The high-quality study was defined as a study with ≥6 scores.
Statistical analysis
The primary end points were operative mortality and late mortality (considered to be year after operation). Operative mortality was defined as death within 30 days after operation or in-hospital death. Secondary end points were MR recurrence 2+ or greater and reoperation at follow-up. The meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (Revman, version 5.3 for windows, Oxford, England, Cochrane Collaboration) and Stata (version 11.0; StataCorp, College Station, TX). Hazard ratio (HR) with a 95 % confidence intervals (CIs), directly extracted from these included studies or indirectly calculated using the method of Tierney and colleagues [18] to assess the efficacy of the surgical intervention in each study. A summary of odds ratio (OR) and their corresponding 95 % CI were computed for each dichotomous outcome using either fixed-effects models or, in the presence of substantial heterogeneity (I2 > 50 %), random-effects models [19]. Statistical heterogeneity across studies was examined with Cochran’s Q test as well as the I2 statistics. Studies with an I2 statistics of <25 % were considered to have low heterogeneity, those with an I2 statistics of 25–50 % were considered to have moderate heterogeneity, and those with an I2 statistics of >50 % were considered to have a high degree of heterogeneity [20]. If there was high heterogeneity, the possible clinical and methodological factors for this were further explored. Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated using sensitivity analyses and each study involved in the meta-analysis was excluded each time to reflect the influence of the individual data set on the pooled RRs.
Publication bias was assessed using the Egger regression asymmetry test [21] and Begg adjusted rank correlation test [22]; a P value of less than 0.05 was considered representative of statistically significant publication bias. Meta-analysis results are displayed in forest plots. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Search results and study quality
The literature search identified a total of 545 studies, which were published between 1965 and 2015. On the basis of title and abstracts, 34 articles were selected and reviewed in full. Eleven articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria [9–13, 23–28] (Fig. 1). Of the included studies, there were ten retrospective observational studies [9–13, 23–27] and one prospective observational study [28]. All were nonrandomized studies. These studies included a total of 1807 patients, 1091 (60.4 %) of whom underwent repair and 716 (39.6 %) of whom underwent replacement. All patients had CABG. Patient characteristics and a summary of operative details are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. With the exception of the replacement patients being older in 2 of the studies, the two groups were similar in terms of hypertension (HTN), diabetes, atrial fibrillation (AF), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class. Eight of the studies reported data on the type of prosthesis used for mitral valve replacement and preservation of the subvalvular apparatus. In half of the studies, the majority of patients received a bioprothesis valve. In addition, preservation of the subvalvular (either total or partial) apparatus were performed in the vast majority of mitral valve replacements.
Fig. 1
Flow chart of study selection
Table 1
Key Features of Included Studies
Study
Subjects
Mean Age
Male (%)
HTN (%)
Diabetes (%)
AF (%)
NYHA III-IV (%)
Mean LVEF (%)
MR grade
Follow-up period
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
MVP + CABG
MVR + CABG
Lorusso et al.
244
244
66
66
73
69
41
41
36
35
12
13
NR
NR
35
35
2.8 ± 0.5
2.8 ± 0.5
46.5bmo
Lio et al.
98
28
65
70d
74
61
81
89
35
32
NR
NR
61
71
32
34
NR
NR
45bmo
Ljubacev et al.
34
41
NR
NR
NR
NR
85
80
32
56d
26
17
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
In-hospital
Roshanali et al.
26
31
57
57
83
77
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
38
40
3.6 ± 0.5
3.5 ± 0.5
40.2a mo
Maltais et al.
302
85
70
70
68
63
71
68
34
26
NR
NR
85
91
34
34
NR
NR
4.2ayrs
Qiu et al.
112
106
71
72
64
56
72
75
30
32
28
26
53
49
35
35
NR
NR
48.1amo
Micovic et al.
86
52
61b
62b
72
73
74
65
21
15
27
29
64
50
29
36
2.7 ± 0.6
2.5 ± 0.7
32a mo
Bonacchi et al.
36
18
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
NR
27
27
NR
NR
32a mo
Silberman et al.
38
14
62
67d
74
93
50
57
45
57
NR
NR
49cd
32cd
<25 %
NR
NR
38amo
Mantovani et al.
61
41
68
68
67
54
54
51
26
15
NR
NR
NR
NR
45
45
3.1 ± 0.8
3.3 ± 0.7
36.8a mo
Reece et al.
54
56
67
69
41d
68d
NR
NR
22
21
NR
NR
NR
NR
44
40
NR
NR
In-hospital
a = mean; b = median; c Percentage class IV; dp < 0.05 between MVr and MVR
Abbreviations: AF atrial fibrillation, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, CABG coronary artery bypass grafting, MR mitral regurgitation, HTN hypertension, MVP mitral valve repair, MVR mitral valve replacement, NR not reported
Abbreviations: MVP mitral valve repair, MVR mitral valve replacement, ACC time aortic cross-clamping time, CPB time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, NR not reported
All the eleven trials were assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for quality assessment risk evaluation of adequacy of selection, comparability, and outcomes assessment for individual trials (Table 3). All studies included in our meta-analysis were of high-quality (had ≥ 6 scores).
Table 3
Study quality assessment using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for nonrandomized studies
Selection
Outcome
First author, year of publication (reference)
Representativeness of exposed cohort
Selection of nonexposed cohort
Ascertainment of exposure
Outcome of interest absent at start of study
Comparability (Based on design and analysis)
Assessment of outcome
Follow-up long enough for outcomes
to occur
Adequacy of follow-up
Total score
Lorusso et al.
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
7
Lio et al.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Ljubacev et al.
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
6
Roshanali et al.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
Maltais et al.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
Qiu et al.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
Micovic et al.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
Bonacchi et al.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
Silberman et al.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
Mantovani et al.
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
9
Reece et al.
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
7
Peri-operative mortality
Ten observational studies involving a total of 1750 patients reported operative mortality. The odds ratios in the study ranged from 0.16 to 2.32 (Fig. 2). The summary odds ratio was 0.65 (95 % CI, 0.43-1.00), P = 0.05, indicating there was a reduced peri-operative mortality trend towards repair, but no statistical significance reached. In assessing potential heterogeneity across the studies, I2 = 0 %, and no publication bias was found either from the Egger’s test (P = 0.83) or the Begg’s test (P = 0.68).
Fig. 2
Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement on peri-operative mortality
Late mortality
A total of nine studies (1622 Patients) reported late mortality (Fig. 3). The overall hazard ratio was 0.87 (95 % CI, 0.67-1.14; P = 0.31), suggesting late mortality was not significantly reduced following repair. Further, heterogeneity was moderate (I2 = 30 %). It was noted that ten of the studies included patients with different degrees of regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction, with exception of one study [23], all of the patients included in this study had severely impaired LV function (ejection fraction <25 %) and severe ischemic MR undergoing CABG. Severely decreased left ventricular function and severe IMR could have the potential pathophysiological effect on the mortality rates of those patients. Hence, sensitivity analysis was conducted to only include studies in which not all of the patients had severe ischemic MR and severely impaired LV function undergoing CABG. Restricting analysis to these studies had no significant impact on the reduction of late mortality following repair (the summary hazard ratio, 1.03; 95 % CI, 0.90-1.17; P = 0.66). Whereas, heterogeneity suggested by I2 was significantly reduced to 0 %, indicating no variability exists among the rest studies. Further exclusion of any single study did not significantly reduce the heterogeneity. In addition, our study included 10 retrospective studies and 1 prospective study. The different study designs may influence outcomes of meta-analysis. Therefore, sensitivity analysis was performed to only include retrospective studies. Restricting analysis to these studies did not significantly impact on the result for late mortality (HR, 0.86; 95 % CI, 0.64-1.14; P = 0.30; I2 = 38 %).
Fig. 3
Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement on late mortality
Mitral valve reoperation
Reoperation due to such as MV regurgitation, thromboembolism and prosthetic endocarditis was reported in five studies involving a total of 845 patients. The combined odds ratio was 1.47, suggesting the trend went towards the preference of replacement. Nevertheless, no significant differences were reached between the two surgical approaches (95 % CI, 0.90-2.38; I2 = 0 %; P = 0.12) (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4
Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement on reoperation
Recurrence of MR
Five studies involving a total of 837 patients provided data regarding recurrence of MR during the follow-up. The MVP + CABG group was associated with a significantly increased recurrence rate of MR (OR, 5.41; 95 % CI: 3.12–9.38; P < 0.001) with low heterogeneity among those studies (I2 = 10 %) (Fig. 5). Sensitivity analysis was also performed to only include retrospective studies. Restricting analysis to these studies did not significantly impact on the result for recurrence of MR (OR, 5.97; 95 % CI, 3.36-10.58; P < 0.001; I2 = 0 %).
Fig. 5
Mitral valve repair versus mitral valve replacement on recurrence of mitral valve regurgitation
Discussion
In our meta-analysis of eleven studies, which included patients undergoing repair or replacement electively with CABG surgery, no differences were found regarding peri-operative mortality and long-term survival. Mitral valve replacement was associated with lower incidence of mitral regurgitation in patients with IMR during CABG. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons reports MVP + CABG group had approximately 5 % (4.8 % in-hospital mortality and 5.3 % operative mortality) nationwide mortality rates in contrast with 8 % (7.8 % in-hospital mortality and 8.5 % operative mortality) for MVR + CABG group [29].
Moderate and severe recurrent MR after a restrictive annuloplasty ring, occurred early and affected a substantial proportion of patients by 2 years [30]. In the present study, the main disadvantage of MVP + CABG group is recurrence of MR compared to MVR + CABG group. Although MR recurrence was common, mitral valve reoperation was not. Similar reoperation rate was found between both groups, which suggested that not all patients with MR recurrence 2+ or greater needed reoperation. There were several possible explanations. IMR after annuloplasty might be considered inconsequential compared with the underlying myocardial disease, or surgeons might be hesitant to perform a second or third cardiac operation in these elderly, high-risk patients [31]. Many patients with recurrent MR were just too sick or too old or both to even consider reoperating on them.
A case-matched study found that replacement was associated with lower incidence of valve-related complications than was repair and both mitral valve procedures showed no significant difference in LV function at follow-up [32]. However, replacement had greater thromboembolic and ischemic stroke rates than repair despite anticoagulant therapy [33]. Although mitral valve replacement can sufficiently correct regurgitation, the structural integrity of the mitral valve is usually compromised after replacement, leading to a continuous damage on the left ventricular tethered loop, which results in adverse effects on left ventricular contraction and poor prognosis [8]. Therefore, individualized consideration should be given to the two surgical procedures.
To date, there have been no RCTs that compared the clinical outcomes of the two surgical management particularly in patients with chronic IMR during CABG. To our knowledge, our report is the first meta-analysis comparing short-term and long-term outcomes of two mitral valve procedures specifically on patients with chronic IMR undergoing concomitant CABG. We selected studies for this meta-analysis with rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria. All the patients in the studies underwent concomitant CABG, which ensures homogeneity of IMR patients and facilitates comparisons between trials. In addition, patients with acute IMR due to ruptured papillary muscles were excluded in our study, thus the outcomes of this meta-analysis not only truly reflect the surgical intervention of chronic IMR but also avoid biasing the results toward worsening the replacement group. By excluding articles that had > 20 % lack of annuloplasty ring, we have made the comparison between the two mitral valves surgeries more powerful. Therefore, the results of our study truly reflect the surgical management of patients with IMR simultaneous to CABG.
Limitations
Our meta-analysis has several limitations. Firstly, this study was based on observational, retrospective studies with inherent bias of such study designs. The publications included in this meta-analysis were relatively small and nonrandomized studies. Secondly, changes in NYHA class, LVEF and left ventricular reversal remodeling were too scarcely reported in the included studies to enable meta-analysis. Eight out of eleven studies included in our meta-analysis reported data on the subvalvular apparatus preservation in mitral valve replacement yet with lack of uniform preservation of both the anterior and posterior leaflets. The other three studies had no description regarding subvalvular apparatus preservation. Thirdly, potential confounding factors such as preoperative risk evaluation (STS score i.e.), mitral valve more suitable for repair, age, cause of mitral regurgitation (ischemia, fibrosis, ventricular remodeling), EF and complexity of revascularization were not considered or adjusted in some of the studies included in our meta-analysis. Therefore, the superiority of repair over replacement may be affected by this and other factors that are not possible to be revealed with meta-analysis of observational trials. Well-designed RCTs are required to further verify the conclusion. Another limitation of our report is the fact that follow-up periods were heterogeneous between some studies with different use of mean and median durations of follow-up. Therefore, subgroup analysis could not be performed statistically.
Conclusions
In patients with chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation during CABG, mitral valve replacement is associated with lower recurrence of regurgitation. No differences were found regarding survival and reoperation rates.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
None.
Funding
None.
Availability of data and material
Not applicable.
Authors’ contributions
YW and XS independently undertook the literature search, screening of titles and abstracts. YW, MW and YC performed the statistics. YW and QZ wrote the paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University
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